Violence against women in today’s Mexico
The reason that motivates me to carry out an investigation regarding feminicide is for the high rate of this crime that in recent years has grown potentially, so I consider it convenient for society to know the causes that originate it and that they are related to violencegender, as well as the typification of this crime and that makes it different from a homicide, the instances where a complaint of gender violence and femicide can be made and what are the protocols that they use for the investigation of this crime.
The importance of studying the crime of femicide and gender violence in the first place is to prevent this crime from growing, this through effort between institutions and society, initiating with a diffusion of what gender violence is and thatSometimes it can lead to feminicide. In addition, for public security institutions and especially police to know how they must act before a femicide, what characteristics should they carry out their writing the approved police report, as they should act before the victims or offended and victimizers, all this in attachmentto the human rights of those involved.
It is urgent to solve the problem of femicide and gender violence since we should not observe feminicide as the culmination of continuous violence, but rather as a manifestation of violence against women where it can be seen that our culture is still deeply rooted in thatThe woman must subordinate, it is unacceptable that femicide exists only for the liberation of women which is the product of hate towards women for the simple fact of being so.
On the other hand, it is necessary to train police, public ministries and judges in the field of gender and femicide perspective with the purpose that they can perform their functions leaving aside stereotypes and gender roles. Regarding police as the first respondent, it is necessarywoman and which must be carried out with a genre perspective since the approved police report must have the purpose of giving tools to public ministries and judges so that they can punish the alleged culprits
It is until the year of 1975 in Mexico City where the first international year of women is declared which is carried out by the UN, where the main theme was equality for women and their participation in the construction of peaceAnd development, as well as violence at home against women, the curious thing about this is that pure men participated in this event, which is unfortunate, since it is illogical that in a convention where the main theme is violence againstwoman, no participate and then the main theme of women’s equality and participation remained.
In the year of 1979 the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was approved open to the ratification of all countries where it was argued that violence against women was a form of discrimination. Subsequently, in the year of 1980 where the Second Women’s Conference is held in Copenhagen, Denmark;in which issues such as stereotypes and discrimination against women in society are addressed, as well as the promulgation of legislation aimed to avoid domestic and sexual violence against women.
In 1985, the third conference was held in Nairobi, KenyIncrease, which is why governments are invited to intensify their efforts regarding victims of this type of violence, providing them with accommodation, support and legal and other services. Already for the year of 1993 and after years of being heard these groups of women were gaining the support of several countries and in that year where the United Nations Declaration on the elimination of violence against women which issues a definition ofViolence against women and is understood as any act of violence based on belonging to the female sex that has or may result in physical, sexual or psychological damage or suffering for women, as well as the threats of such acts, coercionor arbitrary deprivation of freedom, whether they occur in public life and in private life.
In the year of 1994, the Inter -American Convention was convened in Brazil to prevent, sanction and eradicate violence against women, and the Convention of Belém do Paraá begins, in which the typification of violence against women is created, establishingThe right of women to live a life free of violence and highlighting violence as a violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, this violence against women is an offense to human dignity and a manifestation of power relationshistorically unequal between women and men. In addition, he proposes for the first time the development of mechanisms for the protection and defense of women’s rights as fundamental to fight against the phenomenon of violence against physical, sexual and psychological integrity, both in the public and private sphere. In the year of 1995, the 4th World Conference of Women held in Beijing, China where the declaration and platform of action is the recognition that women’s rights are human rights and that violence against women constitutes aviolation of their human rights.
For this investigation it is necessary to identify different terms between them violence against women and in accordance with the General Law of Access of Women to a life free of violence in their article 5 section IV, defines it as: any action or omission, based ontheir gender, which causes them psychological, physical, patrimonial, economic, sexual or death in both private and public sphere.
Likewise, in article 21, this law refers to the term of feminicidal violence which is the extreme form of gender violence against women, as a result of the violation of their human rights, in the public and private spheres, made up of the set ofmisogynist behaviors that can lead to social impunity and the State and can culminate in homicide and other forms of violent death of women.
According to CEDAW, violence against women is the expression of discrimination since it violates the principles of equality and respect for human dignity, including gender -based violence, that is, violence against women for the simple factto be;This implies that gender violence has been due to social and cultural factors where women are considered inferior and this has been part of the history of all societies.
The Organization of American States (OAS), through the Inter -American Convention to prevent, sanction and eradicate violence against women defines and categorizes the concept of violence against women in its article 1 in the following terms: “Any action or conduct, based on its kind, that causes death, damage or physical, sexual or psychological suffering to women, both in the public and private sphere. It will be understood that violence against women includes physical, sexual and psychological violence ”.
The first time the concept of feminicide was used in the 70’s as "femicide", defined as the violent death of a woman for being a woman;The investigator Diana Russell is attributed to researcher who invokes him in a 1976 statement before the International Court on Crimes against Women in Brussels.
In Mexico, this term was first used by the Mexican anthropologist Marcela Lagarde to describe the systematic murder of girls and women in Ciudad Juárez (Chihuahua) and in the city of Guatemala in the year of 1990, it is this year our country becameCenter for attention to the murders that occurred against women in Ciudad Juárez being the scene of women’s deaths for gender violence which originated that a new legislation in this crime was promoted.
Mexico was the first country to propose the typification of feminicide or femicide, but not the first country in which it was typified. In April 2007 Costa Rica would have become the first country to typify femicide, through the law for the penalty of violence against women. Our country typifies feminicide as autonomous crime, until 2012 with the reform of the Federal Criminal Code since before this they were typified as homicides, although as mentioned above, not all murders against women are typified as femicide, theseThey must cover with certain characteristics and this is where police participation enters where agents must make police reports with a genre perspective and at all times respecting a femicide protocol, unfortunately our police do not yet have adequate training to investigate these crimes.
There are two typologies that have in common that women’s homicide is carried out intentionally. The first will be the typology created by Russell whose differentiating criteria will be the relationship between the victim and the murderer. The second, developed by Mexican sociologist Julia Monarrez, distinguishes between the relationship between victim and victimizer, the activities carried out by the victim, and finally the cases in which the murder occurs in a context of extreme sexual violence.
Diana Russell has distinguished between four different types of femicides, in which the perpetrator is always a man, based on the relationship between the victim and the murderer:
- Intimate couple femicides: all men who have or have had a relationship with the victim.
- FEMINICIDES OF FAMILIES: Any male relative either consanguinely or political.
- Other known perpetrators of femicide: friends of the family or the victim, male colleagues, male figures of authority, male acquaintances, male (non -sexual) quotes (non -sexual).
- Femicide of strangers: Male strangers.
The typology of feminicide, created by Julia Monárrez, distinguishes between:
- Intimate feminicide: not only the assumptions in which a man kills his current partner or his ex -partand familiar (when the perpetrator is a relative). Contemplates the possibility that the perpetrator is a woman.
- Feminicide for stigmatized activities: the murder of a woman because it is considered to perform a "bad woman" activity that authorizes to kill her, for example, servant sex, bars waitresses, dancers in nightclubs, etc.
- Systematic sexual femicide: which is present in cases where the murderers are motivated by sadistic sexual impulses and the victim becomes a sexual object for the perpetrators (…) at the same time, the torture and disposition of the body arepart of a sexualization and erotization of crime. These murders in no way lack motivation, since kidnapping, rape, torture, mutilation and finally the extermination of victims speak of a "sexual murder" against women.
Some of the causes of femicide according to Teresa Viviano are: the most common jealousy. Many aggressor men allege that jealousy lead them to commit the murder of their partners.
The second cause that leads a man to perpetrate that crime is his partner’s decision to separate, which is not accepted by his aggressor. While rejection or denial to a relationship is also a reason for attack. Addictions are also counted as the cause of the violence of men towards women.
Another reason is machismo, in today’s society there is still a strong roots of the male population to believe that they are superior to women, which leads to discrimination and constant mistreat. "The aggressor is a person raised within a macho culture whose objective is to maintain control over a woman until her subordination"
Organized crime also appears as a factor that causes a large number of femicides, especially in Central American countries, where criminal and drug trafficking groups proliferate.
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