United States Security and Defense Agencies
The security and defense agencies of the United States and the four -year defense since 2005 and 2006 began to provide for future conflicts. The development of these future conflicts includes irregular forces and terrorist threats, implying a change in the conventional plane of the war towards new stages, this means that the new theaters of the war have different forms or methods of armed strategy or notnavy
Developing
The phenomenon of hybrid war does not represent the end of the conventional forms in which a conflict develops, but implies the evolution or transformation of the dynamics used in this, in a new global scenario.
The globalized component of new technologies has provided him with the term hybrid or new war and the special. The development of conventional conflicts has been added technology to make it more effective and forceful, to the concept of hybrid war.
Sergio Eissa in his article Hybrid War: a new way of thinking about war in the 21st century? states that:
The concept of ‘hybrid war’ seeks. The term hybrid captures both its organization and its means. Organizations can have a hierarchical political structure, together with centralized cells or network tactical units. In what respects the media, these are hybrid as to their type and their application. That is, they can resort to both encrypted command systems, portable earth missiles, as well as ambush, cyber attacks, improvised explosive devices and / or murders. In their application, these wars include from conventional abilities, irregular formations and tactics, terrorist acts, including indiscriminate coercion and violence, and criminal disorder.
For Frank Hoffman, conflicts that incorporate the concept of hybrid war. The distinctions between regular armies and irregular forces have tended to become more and more blurred, this because there are combinations between conventional forces, irregular troops, terrorist actions and organized crime.
Within the study of hybrid wars the concepts of new wars and unrestricted wars are associated. For Duffield, new wars can be understood as network wars, because they are wars that are based on networks of state and non -state actors that act beyond the territorial powers of their states. Therefore, in the development of these wars, alliances of political, social or economic networks are created. On the other hand, the unrestricted concept of war is defined by Qiao Liang and Wan Xingsui as the combination of traditional military operations with other methods conceived as non -military war, for example the commercial war, the financial war, the ecological warfare among others.
To the concept of unrestricted war Samuel Morales in the future of the nature of armed conflicts adds that, within the framework of unrestricted war everything is worth it, that is, there are no rules, nothing is prohibited. This covers all forms of struggle, everything is attacked equally, the political, the social, the economic and the cultural. For example, the cultural views of a nation can be controlled or influenced, it can also generate a financial war, subverting or dominating the adversary banking system and its stock market, another type of action that can be carried out is to invade a nationAdversary with illegal drugs, as well as the environmental resources of an adversary nation can be attacked in order to destroy them,
Once the concept of hybrid war and its implications have been defined, it is necessary to define the concept of hemispheric safety.
The OAS through the declaration of security in the Americas of 2003, defines hemispheric security such as: threats, concerns and other challenges to hemisphere are of a diverse nature and multidimensional reach and the concept and traditional approaches must be expanded to coverNew threats and non -traditional, which include political, economic, social, health and environmental aspects, this definition expanded the traditional concept of security, since it incorporates new threats and not traditional. This statement considered threats and concerns or other security challenges The following practices: terrorism, transnational organized crime, the world drug problem, corruption, money laundering, illegal arms trafficking and connections between them;extreme poverty and social exclusion, since they can affect stability and democracy;natural and human disasters;human trafficking;attacks on cyber security;The possibility of damage in the case of an accident or incident during the maritime transport of potentially dangerous materials, such as oil, radioactive materials and toxic waste, and finally the probability of access, possession and use of use ofWeapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups (declaration on security in Las Américas, 2003).
The statement also recognized the capacity of the states to establish their priorities on their security agenda, and the flexibility in the choice of mechanisms to face threats. Likewise, within this statement, the rule of law, human rights, international humanitarian law, multilateralism and democracy were incorporated as shared values shared in the hemisphere. This statement incorporated the concept of human security, since it reaffirmed that the foundation and reason for being security in the democratic states of the hemisphere must be the protection of the human person. You can see that this declaration is characterized by its multidimensional character.
The multidimensional nature of the declaration allows to address different threats, concerns and challenges, as well as diversifies the mechanisms with which states count to respond to threats. This gave way to securitization, which is the process through which a topic that was not security, becomes security, this is only possible if there is an emergency.
Thanks to the concepts defined above, the hybrid dynamics used by Iran and that affect the hemispheric security of South America can be determined.
The terrorist attacks of Hezbollah in 1992 and 1994 in Argentina could not be considered as a hybrid dynamic used by Iran to destabilize the region, because the attacks did not have the purpose of destabilizing the Argentine state, but they had a purely anti -Semitic purpose to theAttack the Israel Embassy and the Israelite Mutual Association Argentina.
However, the relations that Iran maintains with Venezuela, if they represent a threat to hemispheric security, since Venezuela has been used as a point of entry into the region and Iran has had the purpose of expanding its relations with more South American states, not onlyWith those belonging to Alba.
As mentioned above, the relationships that Venezuela maintain and Iran can be considered as strategic, since they maintain an energy relationship in addition to sharing an anti -United States position. These relationships can be framed within the hybrid dynamics that Iran has exercised to destabilize safety in the region, since not only the relationships in energy and political matters have been developed, but also developed cultural exchanges processes that have sought to expandIranian influence in South America, Iranian cultural expansion has focused on praising Hezbollah and imparting the teachings of Iranian revolutionary leaders, this can affect regional security since this cultural expansion can control or influence the views of view of the view ofinhabitants of a nation, and destabilize the same.
On the other hand, within the dynamics used by Iran are also the exchange of weapons, the support of the Venezuelan government to the Iranian nuclear program, this can cause an imbalance in regional power, and force neighboring states to increase their arsenal orForce an arms race in the region.
Hezbollah’s relations with the so -called Los Soles cartel composed of senior Venezuelan military officials, and led by Diosdado Cabello, enter the hybrid dynamics through which Iran can destabilize the region, since these relations have been based on theTransport of weapons, drugs and personnel between both states.
Hezbollah also close links with the FARC, since the FARC were considered the main cocaine supplier to Venezuela. In addition to Colombia, the presence of the Joumma criminal group was presented, which was dedicated to drug trafficking and money laundering, this group had a direct relationship with Hezbollah. There is also a relationship of the ELN and Hezbollah, due to the presence of this group in the Venezuelan state and its close relationship with the regime, since, it is known that the ELN has a presence in Venezuelan territory and training members there members there.
The presence of Hezbollah in the triple Argentine-Brazil-Paraguay border, it can be considered as a hybrid dynamic by Iran, since relations with actors are established outside the law and transnational crime organizations, since there are presence groups groupsof Brazilian, Mexican, Colombian origin, in addition to other Islamic groups. The purpose of Hezbollah in this region is to raise funds, and for this they are involved in drug trafficking, people trafficking and money laundering.
conclusion
In Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay has created commercial exchanges relations in order to establish an economic dependence with Iran. In the case of Argentina and Uruguay, it has tried to establish a dependence on Iranian oil.
In addition to the above, within the dynamics is also the establishment of hezbollah cells in different states of the region, as well as recruitment, the dissemination of jihadist propaganda and the planning of attacks.
All of the above can be considered as a threat to hemispheric security within the framework of a hybrid war, since not only dynamics are presented in the military sector, but also cultural, political, social, economic processes occur, as well as development as well as developmentof relationships and support for irregular groups in the region, which seek to destabilize a state and create distrust in society.
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