The nervous system and neurons in human behavior
As it is already known to generate when talking about the nervous system we are getting into a very extensive and complex terrain, however, it is only a small part of the matter, so it is still necessary to address in detail each of the mechanisms they comply withA special function in human beings (Robert, 2002.).
In this essay we will address the issue of neurons that are key elements in human behavior. They are the ones that helps us to have the ability to play the piano, handle a car, cook, dance, hit a ball or perform any other activity, depends on the level or stage that you pass, exclusively on muscle coordination. But if the muscles involved in such activities are activated, it can be noted that there are basic processes involved. (Howard, 1985. ) It is necessary that the body transmits and coordinates messages to the muscles in order to give way to what they perform the characteristic movements of a successful physical activity.
These messages or information are sent through specialized cells (in the brain) called neurons, basic nervous system elements. Its amount is amazing: scientists estimate that there are a billion neurons working on behavior control, this according to Festter and Spruston cited (Robert, 2002.). Although there are several kinds of neurons, they all have a similar basic structure, which is illustrated below.
Neurons are the functional cells of nerve tissue. They connect forming communication networks that send signals by specific places of the nervous system. The complex functions of the nervous system are a consequence of the relationship between neuron networks, and not the result of the specific characteristics of each individual neuron (Brown, 1989).
The structure of the neuronal Like all the cells of the human being organism, neurons have a cell body, which contain the nucleus where there is genetic material that determines the functioning of the cell (Papalia, 2001.). In contrast to most other cells, neurons have a distinctive characteristic: the ability to communicate with other cells and transmit information sometimes through relatively long distances. Neurons have a set of fibers at one end, called dendritas. These fibers, which look like the crooked branches of a tree, receive messages from other neurons (Robert, 2002.). It is important to clarify that synapses is called the connection place between two neurons. (Robert, 2002.)
A neuron is divided into three more characteristics which are: the cell body, the dendrites and the terminal axon. Dendrites are finely branched extens. Cytoplasm is the material of the cell body in which organelles are found, including the cell nucleus, and other inclusions. The nucleus contains the chromatin of the cell, or genetic material. (Robert, 1991). The axon that is born unique and conducts the nerve impulse of that neuron to other cells brancing in its terminal portion (Telodendron). It is at the opposite end, it has a long and thin -tube shaped. At the end of the axon there are small bumps called terminal buttons, which release chemical substances to synapses (messages to the other cells). (Pinel, Jonh, 2003.) The messages that travel through the neuron are exclusively of an electrical nature. They follow a route that begins in the dendrites, continues towards the body of the cell and arrives, finally, towards the extension in the form of a tube. In order to prevent messages from making short circuit, it is necessary that the axon has some type of insulator (similar to the way the electrical cables are isolated). In this way, most axons are protected by a coating known as myelin sheath, composed of a series of specialized cells that contain fats and proteins that surround the axon.
Synapsis is a union (functional) (Bear MF, 2002) specialized intercellular between neurons (Hormuzdi SG, 2004), whether between two association neurons, a neuron and a receiving cell or between a neuron and an effector cell (almost alwaysglandular or muscle). In these contacts the transmission of the nerve impulse is carried out. This starts with a chemical discharge that causes an electric current in the presinepatic cell membrane (emitting cell);Once this nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon (the connection with the other cell), the neuron itself segregates a type of chemical compounds (neurotransmitters) that are deposited in the cleft or synaptic space (intermediate space between this transmitting neuron and thepostsynaptic or receiver neuron). These segregated or neurotransmitter substances (norepinephrine and acetylcholine among others) are responsible for exciting or inhibiting the action of the other cell called post synaptic cell. There are two types of synapses in the nervous system: chemicals and electricity.
Neurotransmitters are the molecules that communicate neurons with each other. They are mainly released from the presynaptic terminal and travel through the synaptic cleft to the postsinaptic element membrane, where they are recognized by membrane receptors that transluce the signal by changes in the membrane potential or generate a cytosolical signaling waterfall. Neurotransmitters can be amino acids such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutic acid (GABA) or aspartate;Mono amines such as dopamine, serotonin or adrenaline;polypeptides such as somatostatin, neuroleptic and or substance p;But there are also other types of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, adenosine or bullfighting (Luo, 2002).
Finally according to (Herculano-Ouzel, 2009) neurons allows the body to capture the stimuli of the physical world (heat, cold, texture of the bodies, color of objects, aromas, etc.) and from the interior of the body (pain) to bring them to the brain and this organ through the efferent roads to carry a specific response for each perceived stimulus, it also allows to be the pillar or support of learning, memory and knowledge, like allNeurons form the neuronal network by synapse (transmission and conduction of the nerve impulse), the organism receives all kinds of stimuli and for each stimulus a specific response is prepared, carried by the neurons grouped in the form of nerves.
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