Romanticism linked to the rise of the bourgeoisie
Romanticism is linked to the rise of the bourgeoisie, the triumph of liberalism and that of the Industrial Revolution due to the circumstances that endangered the French Revolution, the Wars of the Empire and the subsequent counterrevolutionary restoration that caused the fall of the old regime. For the century of lights was a century of balance between tradition and revolution and it is only in the end when the commitment is broken, it would lead to the century of the revolution, therefore, we say that romanticism breaks with the classic order. In addition, the old state society gave way to a class society with the bourgeoisie, to all this, it was added that in the cities the large industries are installed causing a demographic expansion where the disastrous working conditions gave rise to the appearance of the proletariat thatLater he will face the bourgeoisie to defend his rights. Liberal ideas cause the appearance of parliamentary constitutional governments that defend popular sovereignty and advocate individual freedoms of thought and expression. Despite this, tensions between absolutists and liberals will continue the entire period. In the second half of the nineteenth century, more authoritarian governments supported by the bourgeoisie reappear since he wanted to defend his privileges. This is the case of Napoleon III in France or Queen Victoria in England.
In general, it is a time when Napoleonic wars and various revolutionary bursts occur during the restoration after Napoleon’s defeat. It is also the time when the industrial revolution that began in Britain, reaches the continent and technical advances fascinate artists and intellectuals. In addition, the nationalisms that arouse a patriotic feeling in the villages appear to defend their linguistic, cultural and historical peculiarities.
Meanwhile, in the nineteenth century, in Spain there are great political tensions, which, together with economic stagnation, military pronouncements and lack of technical advances, produces an immobility and great delay with respect to Europe. Although the great effort that Spanish society has been making to approach a system that fits the new reality has begun to be made. Although it has been tried.
The War of Independence (1808-1814) is the historical event with which this transit to romanticism begins in our country. King Fernando VII, on May 2, 1808 he leaves Palacio to march to France as an expression of his rage and helplessness towards the Napoleonic invasion. After its march, in 1812 the General Courts gathered in Cádiz, drafted the first liberal constitution. But when Fernando VII returns to Spain in 1814 after his exile, repeals and initiates an absolutist period. In spite of this, the constitutional system is recovering a decade later thanks to the pronouncement of Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Irrigation, which inaugurates the period known as Liberal Triennium (1820-1823). However, the Holy Alliance will help the king sending an army of French soldiers (the ‘one hundred thousand children of San Luis‘) who will end their freedoms. Thus begins, the ominous decade that caused a cultural setback for the exile of intellectuals and the power of censorship.
At the death of Fernando VII in 1833, we attend the regency of Doña Cristina. Meanwhile, Spain is divided into two sides, which causes a civil war: the acquaintance: Carlist war. It is between the liberal parties of Isabel II, daughter of Fernando VII and the absolutist followers of Don Carlos, brother of the king.
After the regency of Espartero, Isabel II accesses the throne, although he will not bring peace. In 1868 a popular revolution known as the glorious that was starring Admiral Topete and General Serrano (Unionist) and Prim (Progressive). The Queen’s troops were defeated and Isabel had to go into exile. A provisional government formed that created the 1869 Constitution and you have to choose a new king. The chosen one is Amadeo I of Savoy that has the support of the Government, but as soon as he arrived in Spain, Prim suffered an attack and died. On the other hand, he had against sectors such as the Church, the moderate and Carlist. In addition, he had to face a war in Cuba and a new Carlist war, and overwhelmed by all these problems he resigned from the throne in 1873.After its march, the First Republic is proclaimed, which did not last a year. There was a strong instability and four presidents, in addition they continued the Cuban and Carlist war .With all these problems two generals gave a coup d’etat, General Pavia and later General Martínez Campos who proclaimed Alfonso de Borbón (Alfonso XII, the son of Isabel II) as king of Spain
Finally, the international military situation of Spain was highly negative, and must face the Cuba War with the EE. UU. and that of the Philippines, losing its latest colonial empires: Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
This historical situation in Spain causes romanticism to appear later than in the rest of Europe. Ideological Lacensura during the absolutist reign of Fernando VII (1814-1833), was the cause of this backwardness and Nofue until the death of the king when our romantic literature triumphed, coinciding with the return of exiled writers.
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