Progress of nuclear medicine in time
Introduction
Röntgen designed, a series of experiments in which he made the electrons abruptly change, in them he observed, that other rays were generated, which he called, by his unknown nature, X -rays, X -rays. These did not transport any type of electric charge and had a much higher reach to the cathode rays.
After the discovery, Röntgen devoted themselves to investigating them exahustitvously and verified that these rays could cross a wide variety of materials, including several metals.
In one of his experiments, he tried.
He discovered that the two fingers that held the plate were projected, so that the bones could be distinguished because they appeared as a darker stain than the fabric that enveloped them. Subsequently, he decided to experiment with a human being; He chose his wife. The image obtained by revealing the photographic plate clearly showed the bones and ring that carried. That image became the most famous radiography in history over time.
Developing
Becquerel discovered a new property of matter that was subsequently called radioactivity. This phenomenon occurred during his investigation into fluorescence. The scientist discovered that certain uranium salts emit radiation spontaneously. He rehearsed with mineral in different states, however, the intensity of radiation was always the same. Therefore, this new property of matter did not depend on the physical or chemical form of the atoms of the body, but it was a property that came from the same interior of the atom.
Marie Curie was a pioneer in studies on natural radioactivity. Her works expanded our knowledge about nuclear physics, and she became the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes.
Marie decided to choose radioactivity as a theme for her doctoral thesis, which was discovered by Becquerel.
Becquerel had used in his Sales radio experiments and Marie’s goal was to find other substances that were equally radioactive.
1913 Development of the concept of isotopia – soddy.
From 1904 to 1914, he was a professor at the University of Glasgow and it was there that he showed that uranium was transformed into radio. He also showed that radioactive elements can have more than one atomic weight, despite the fact that their chemical properties are identical; What led him to the isotope concept. He later showed that non -radioactive chemical elements can have multiple isotopes. This was a fundamental step in the knowledge of the relationship between families of radioactive elements.
He was one of the pioneers in developing the uses of isotopic indicators both in organic and inorganic sciences.
The Geiger-Müller tube is the detection element of the instrument called Geiger Accountant used for ionizing radiation detection. Geiger and Müller, collaborated to produce a practical tube that could detect numerous types of different radioactive particles.
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator. The direct method of accelerating ions using the potential difference presented great experimental difficulties associated with intense electric fields. Cyclotron avoids these difficulties through multiple ion acceleration until reaching high speeds without the use of high voltages.
Most of the current high -energy particles accelerators descend from the first protons cyclotron.
Artificial radioactivity occurs from an isotope that has been previously obtained in the laboratory through a nuclear reaction. This isotope follows all the radioactive laws that govern natural radioactivity.
Irene Curie and Joliot, studying neutron production by bombard. They found that, in addition to the neutrons, positrons appeared that they did not expect, or expected, and that they did not cease to stop bombing, as happened with the neutrons.
Positron production is more abundant in artificial radioactivity, since in natural alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation are produced spontaneously.
Roberts and Evans begin the medical applications of radioisotopes, when they carry out the first studies on thyroid physiology with radio iodine.
It was a perfectly ordered uranium and graphite brick tower. Uranium was fuel and graphite made a nuclear moderator. He had no cooling system or protected radiation operators. It was operated with cadmium and Indian rods that, when entering the reactor, absorbed free neutrons to avoid fission (with greater or lesser success).
These were carried out thanks to the construction of the scanner with sodium iaoduro spindle glass.
1956 Immuno Radio Development Analysis.
Radioimmunometric method that is based on the specific formation of antigen-antibody (AG-AC) complexes which gives it a great specificity together with the sensitivity of radiological methods (radioactive isotopes). The technique has been practically replaced by the ELISA method which measures the AG-AC union through colorimetries instead of broadcads.
From the 60s the development of nuclear medicine is unstoppable.
These generators present the ideal qualities as tracers and possibilities of union to various drugs.
The Gamma or Gamma Chamber Chamber is an image capture device, commonly used in nuclear medicine as an instrument for the study of diseases. It consists of a gamma radiation detection equipment. This radiation comes from the patient himself who is injected, usually intravenously, a radioactive tracer (radioisotope). The clinical diagnostic modality made by gamma cameras is called scammaography. From several projections or two -dimensional cuts, a three -dimensional reconstruction can be carried out, which is what is called a SPECT (computed tomography by simple photon emission).
The tuning in the 70s of the cerebral SPECT technique, and in the 80s of the PET (positron emission tomography).
conclusion
The technology necessary to carry out nuclear techniques begin to be very implanted in hospitals around the world, during the 90s this technique ceased to be experimental, and in just 20 years it has become one of the most used diagnostic techniques in Some countries in the world. However, for its total implementation it is not only necessary to have the necessary endowment, but to have a team prepared to handle this type of material, something that is not always easy. The use of radioactive material makes the staff must be an expert in the management of these techniques, although the amount of isotopes used is very small.
Applications where nuclear medicine has been more successful have been the diagnosis of organs and as a hyperthyroid treatment., However, it works so that radioactivity can reach other areas of medicine.
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