Population Miragration for Poverty in Peru
Introduction
This is a report on how migration, poverty, social exclusion, state policies and demography affects the Peruvian population. Although not all of these factors are harmful to the population such as poverty or social exclusion if they are poorly managed can create great crises in the country. The main characteristics of these factors is that their influence is quite noticeable, they are able to cause a radical change of situation in the country.
To analyze these problems it is necessary. What can cause poverty is the inability of a family to cover the basic subsistence basket. Social exclusion is produced by the lack of participation of population parts in the cultural, social and economic life of society. And finally the State policies that are defined as general guidelines to achieve inclusive, equitable and sustainable development to affirm democratic governance in the country
Migration in Peru
Migration in Peru has always been a very important and recurring theme in recent decades. To begin with, there are two types of migrations, immigration, which are a population movement where people or region of their place of origin arrive from people to stay in it, and emigrations are a population movement that is about leaving theplace where before it was lived to go to another country or region. This event can be given for one or several reasons in any country, and now I will publicize the possible reasons that originate it.
In the first instance one of them may be political causes such as persecutions or threats to them, people who oppose a government, or their family for a totalitarian regime. When leaving their country for this reason, they are named after political exiles.
Then we have the socioeconomic causes. Most of the migrations around the world occur because people seek a better standard of living, greater remuneration and better working conditions, there are even much more extreme cases a job to be able to stay themselves and their family. The State in underdevelopment in which it is in your country does not allow you to live decently through famine. In extreme cases but they have sufficient economic support to get out of this situation they resort to illegality risking their lives to get out of their country’s borders and in many cases losing it.
Then we have internal war causes or with other countries. This reason caused most of the forced migrations. Which causes thousands or up to millions of people from running out of their homes for civil population exterminations by the group or attacker. It has also happened in situations that the winning country or army expel them.
Finally, we have generalized catastrophes, among which can be natural disasters such as droughts, tornadoes, earthquakes, huaicos, among other disasters. This combined with social causes is also a very frequent cause of migration. Also its devastating effect will depend on the place where it develops. For example, in housing places built in deplorable and with a poor quality material, a low magnitude earthquake can become very harmful. On the other hand, in a place where the constructions are well organized and have good infrastructure and quality materials, the earthquake of the previous example would have almost no consequence.
Now that we know what kind of situations can migrations be given, we can see some examples of this event in Peru.
According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) in the period 1990-2017, the number of Peruvians who left the country and have not returned total 3’089,123, according to the information provided by the National Superintendence of Migration.[Footnoteref: 3] [3: Drafting EC. (2018). More than three million Peruvians emigrated abroad and have not returned. El Comercio, https: // Elcomercio.PE/PERU/THREE-MILLONES-PERUANOS-PAIS-PAIS-HERTANADO-NOTICE-568762-NOTICE/.
First I will focus on the most important Peruvian emigrations processes that have existed in the last decades of our country. From the definition that an emigrant is one who leaves the country for more than 6 months.
In the last 25 years in Peru, the number of emigrant people grows. Of the 1980s that were said there were more than 500,000, in the 90s this figure increased to 1,000,000 Peruvians. According to Altamirano all these migratory movements are the result of a set of social, economic and political forces that develop in the recent history of this country. Here we go on to detail them:
First: from the decades of the ’10 and 20 of this century until that of ’50
Many Peruvians emigrate to Europe west. The Peruvian oligarchy emigrated by education, prestige and power. Traveling to Europe was an important piece of oligarchic and bourgeois identity, much more if they could study in places of high prestige such as Salamanca, Oxford, Cambridge, etc.
At that time in the US. UU., You could appreciate great development in industries, especially in textiles. In Peru that area was not yet so developed, although the traditional designs made with the wool of our auquénidos began to obtain worldwide recognition. Some workers were invited as workers to textile factories in recognition of their great work and for the low cost of their working hand.
This was the beginning that caused that now in New Jersey and New York, great textile powers in the US. UU., Inhabit the third part of the total of emigrant Peruvians.
Second: from the ’50 to the end of the ’60
During this stage there was a change in Peru, immigration descended and emigration increased significantly. This situation began since World War II in full European reconstruction. Many Peruvians began to populate Spain, Italy and France.
In the same way the great economic growth that generated this war attracted many Latin Americans, including Peruvians, which continues to this day. Although there is no exact number of how Peruvians emigrated at this stage, it is known that it exceeded those who immigrate.
Third: From the end of the 1960s until the early ’80s
All sectors by which Peru depended economically. We also suffered the most pronounced fall of immigration, since because of the situation in which we did not find politically, it did not call any country to invest in us. The professionals and entrepreneurs who did not see a future triumphing in this country, also decided to go to the US. UU. Even countries belonging to communism received with open arms a large number of Peruvian students.
Well entered in the 80s, 500,000 Peruvians were counted outside the country. And at least 300,000 of them lived in the US. UU. And another large part resided in countries throughout America, some European countries. Even so, labor migration was concentrated in the US. UU.
Fourth: From the beginning of the 80s to 1992
At this stage Peru began to stabilize and politics became much more violent than before. A great economic crisis also began that left the instability of the previous stage.
The emigration increased a lot as immigration was totally stagnant. In 92 the amount of Peruvians tripled outside the country, immigrants were just 66 925.The country that was still the most attractive for Peruvians to live was. UU., So much so that in the 90s 500,000 Peruvians already inhabited it. Also from the 80s of Europe on the west side they are highly requested as destinations, especially Spain, France, Belgium, Italy and Germany. In addition, Japan also opened its doors to nikkeis, Japanese emigrants residing in Peru or the descendants of these.
The population counted outside our territory was counted as 8% of the total Peruvian population at that time, approximately 95 900 citizens.
The 1989 was the one with the greatest emigration in the history of Peru, with 80,000 Peruvians. The political violence that was lived in those times was unbearable and within Latin America the most receptive countries of Peruvians were Argentina and Chile, as in most cases due to lack of employment and a better quality of life.
Fifth: From 1992 to the present day
Since 1992 the economy of the country began to stabilize since political violence stopped and the economy began to balance after that. In 1991, 63 200 foreigners have migrated to Peru and many of them come from Asia. In 1992 there was 1,920,000 Peruvians outside the country. Lately many Peruvians returned, but their number remains lower than those that emigrated.
Although the situation is currently calmer, many Peruvians have re -emigrated to countries more developed by the slight economic recession in 2010. It is possible that this situation continues since they cannot realize their personal or entrepreneurs in Peru.
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