Personality Theories Based On The Sigmund Freud Model

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Personality theories based on the Sigmund Freud model

Introduction

What is understood by personality is the set of relatively consistent forms of relating to people and situations that manage to make us unique, each individual has a different personality. Sigmund Freud believed that behavior and personality are due to conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels: the ES, the Self and the Super I (Torres, 2020). Until today, Sigmund Freud is the most influential of personality theoretical, he also opened a new direction to study human behavior, therefore various authors had different concepts about personality, such as for example, we have Gordon Allport,Who affirmed that there cannot be two personality types, and therefore to know an individual it is necessary to discover the combination of features as presented in a specific individual (Quiroga Romero & Fuentes Ortega, 1999).

Both great authors explaining their idea about personality, not only they are the ones who give their theory about personality, but we also have many more, such as Carl Rogers, Raymond Cattell, Alfred Adler, George Kelly, among othersmany, all with a different idea.

Personality begins to elaborate according to the characteristics of our temperament and go to compose reality and thus achieve behavior patterns, ways to observe the world and mold the character of the person (Zachmann, 1995). Personality intervenes in how we compined our obstacles, praise others or commemorate the objectives we achieve in our living. According to psychoanalysis, personality develops when the conflict between our own instinctive impulses prone to aggressiveness, search for pleasure, as well as the social limits imposed by us appears. (Spartacus et al., 1977)

Developing

Sigmund Freud’s personality theory classified them in models, whose function is to explain in a more detailed way, a complete scheme in which the personality could be articulated.

• Topographic Model: This model belongs to the Psychoanalysis Foundation stage. At that time Freud distinguished 3 levels of consciousness:

1. The unconscious: governed by the primary (illogical and timeless processes) that contain the memories, images, feelings and desires not accessible to consciousness
2. The preconscious: that intermediates between the unconscious and the conscious where certain content can access, is also part of the mind representing ordinary memory.
3. The conscious: conducted by the secondary (logical and rational) processes, they identify a lot with the self and with the principle of reality.

• Dynamic model: possibly one of the most difficult to understand in Freud’s personality theory. When we talk about dynamics, it means that it occurs in the subject’s mind, through impulses that seek gratification without measure and defenses mechanisms that seek to inhibit them. From this perspective, mental phenomena are the result of conflict forces. An opposition between instinctive forces, or unknown sexual and aggressive desires arises, the defenses derived from the self, and the normative or moral principles of each conscious and unconscious individual
• Economic Model: It deals with the energy processes that regulate mental activity which are, principle of pleasure (satisfaction) and that of reality (adaptation to the environment). The psychic apparatus has to maintain the level of excitation to a minimum, reducing external and internal stimuli, the economic principle is the search for pleasure and avoid pain or displeasure.
• GENETIC MODEL: It deals with the evolutionary development of the subject, specifically of its unconscious processes. This evolutionary process is known as psychosexual development that progresses in phases.

1. Oral phase: it occurs approximately 18 months, it is about the child feeling the pleasure obtained through the lips and mouth: sucking, eating, sucking the finger
2. ANAL PHASE: It is the pleasure that feels through the retention and expulsion of that, this occurs at 18 needs until 3 and a half years.
3. Phalical phase: After 3 to 6, children discover that pleasure develops in the stimulation of the genitals, there is also the Oedipus complexes that is the infant sexual interest towards the mother and electrical sexual interest towards the father.
4. Latency phase: From 6 years to 12, Freud states that boys lose interest in sexual behavior, begin to interact with their environment, to play with girls without feeling interest towards the opposite sex.
5. Genital phase: the last stage that begins in puberty, in it the sexual impulses appear, looking for pleasure in having mature relationships with the opposite sex partner.

• Structural model: The last stage of Freud’s production is distinguished is three mental structures. Each structure has different functions that act differently at the levels of the mind, but at the same time united to form a unique personality structure.

1. The it: it is the core of the completely unconscious personality, it is present in man since its birth, impulses are found in it.
2. The Self: It is the center of our psychic life and is found in contact with reality, exercises dominance in behavior, impulses, feelings or emotions. EJM: I sing, I cry.
3. The super me: it contains the ideal and traditional values that have been transmitted from parents to children, the super self is the ideal that the subject of himself draws, seeking perfection.

Conclusions

Once the revision and development is done, it is concluded that psychoanalysis is one of the main branches of psychology, and for very outstanding consequences in the way in which science studies and works, in its beginnings and in its adaptation, it should be notedthat the models exercise with each other, where they make themselves of personality a dynamic group of psychic characteristics that subordinate the way in each individual proceeds before the situation presented.

It is very important for each human being, since it helps to give changes and apply in their life to be able to solve problems that mistreat emotional balance and well -being, but in turn it is also a therapeutic method for the attack of human psychic suffering, and bymeans of this we get to know each other a lot with each person and thus be able to understand our problems, so we will know what we want and where we want to arrive and in the way we act.