Paradigma: Every end has a new beginning
Each historical era goes through a set of facts, values, knowledge and events that leads us to formulate paradigms that are currently capable of being accepted, since these can explain everything that happens at that time, but a society suffers a serious Of phenomena or circumstances that cause changes, transformations that force us to adapt to a new paradigm, to be able to understand it I will give a simple example in ancient times our ancestors used the means of nature to relieve some ailment, which is traditional medicine which had to be born since some member of the society tried to alleviate their pains with some plant, then possibly worked plants and created new products such as oils, at that time natural medicine was accepted in society, then they probably saw that traditional medicine no longer It relieved their ailments and subsequently began to prepare with the properties of the same s chemical plants, this allowed them to move on to a chemical medicine and that over time has been scientifically revolutionizing.
Thomas Kuhn was a scientist who added in the branch of science history as a tool for the addressing of where we start, which was what happened and that is happening now; Part of a paradigm that encompasses everything that is known in a stage of knowledge in which there are different knowledge of the same field that must be shared, if these knowledge are complemented in a single paradigm will be accepted by the scientific community, from This paradigm the scientific community begins to progress gradually experiment and investigate past events accepted by a scientific community and we call this normal science this develops according to the paradigm, to which the accumulation of anomalies begins to displace the old paradigm and occurs A scientific revolution that is a change in the vision of the facts this allows to lead to discoveries and theoretical news or inventions, at that time begins the replacement of this old paradigm by the new one, which is able to explain these anomalies, in the approach From Kuhn the new paradigm is incompatible with paradigm that replaces, it is important to emphasize what and a paradigm can be presented for many groups of scientists, but not necessarily the same paradigm for all members of the group’s group or branch.
Kuhn By adding to science the story helped to discover that scientific development is not progressive nor is it evolutionary, but that the last scientific contribution is to contextualize an example is Galileo Galilei the father of modern astronomy which created his own model of Telescope following the ideas of Hans Lippershey who was the first to invent the telescope in the world, then we must contextualize at the historical level the scientific contribution to see that the revolution does not come from a single subject that invented everything but is born of previous knowledge , a scientific contribution is neither is the continuation of knowledge but that a change in the vision of the facts we see it reflected in the example of Galileo should due to the fact that the telescope that he performed was improved in a great extension, that the telescope that the telescope that I did Lippershey only had an increase that allowed to see three times larger, while the manufactured by Galileo had ten times more power than Expansion with this improved version The Italian was able to observe mountains and even the craters represented on the moon in addition to being the first to observe the composition of the Milky Way also came to discover the four largest moons of Jupiter and who subsequently received the name Of the Galileans, Lippershey’s invention allowed other scientists to experience new ideas such as the Italian Paolo Sarpi also tried better the device.
The inventor of the telescope trained in the optical office that over time became one of the most important teachers in the area, over time probo and experiment with different ways of creating the lenses that were used especially inglasses;Some legends mention that Lippershey saw a group of children playing with a couple of lenses that had been discarded because they were damaged, these lenses allowed some objects that were distant could be observed larger, this children’s game had been what inspired what inspiredTo Lippershey to continue experimenting with glasses and his next step was to build a slot that was able to hold the lenses and then work on how to put ourselves inside the telescope. The factual and theoretical novelties, the discoveries occur inadvertently, when scientists perceive that some different is being given, Kuhn calls it anomaly This is a phenomenon that the scientist finds is a new paradigm for which he was not prepared.
Now, to differentiate between discovery, invention and factual novelty of theoretical novelty, it makes sense for this then Kuhn gives us the example of oxygen to say why both are related and are carried out in parallel in a period of time, Kuhn will provide us with three examples which which which They have a common structure where the scientist perceives anomaly, explores anomaly and concludes when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that anomaly becomes expected, there must be an adjustment of the paradigm so that this fact is scientifically accepted , well now because it seemed interesting to rescue the data mentioned above from Lippershey because he left from an anomaly, which was to see children play with the lenses and perceive something unusual, which later explored the anomaly which helped him take out the lenses for the telescope and the lungs for it, and was finally accepted as a paradigm when Galileo improved it in The knowledge of Lippershey, as mentioned in the example of oxygen, the discovery goes through a process in a certain period of time, this began with the pharmacist W. Scheele, who later takes up Priestley and later with Lavoisier ends up saying that oxygen was discovered, but for this they end up intervening three scientists in chronological way by taking the experiments of the previous ones and introducing new elements that finally end up giving the discovery of oxygen, which whichIt can be highlighted is the period of assimilation between one and the other scientist, which ends with a discovery, the same performs with the example of X -rays per physicist who has the same structure perception of anomaly, exploration of the anomaly and a periodposterior assimilation that ends by chance.
Thus, with the case of oxygen, it was a discovery that is not until a decade after there is a change in the paradigm, it finally tells us about the Leyden bottle but in this case it was induced by a theory that led him to discover and not bychance as in the examples seen above, but if talking about a theory this means that it was already being carried out in a normal science period, but since a theory can carry a novelty, Kuhn tells us that in this case notAll theories are subject to a paradigm, this happens in periods prior to the paradigm or in periods that lead us to structural changes that lead us to a paradigm shift, according to Kuhn only when the experiment and theory of tante are articulated in such a waythat coincide arises the discovery and the theory becomes a paradigm, ending with the examples that Kuhn gives us.
It is that these three examples to more share a structure have similar characteristics that are: the previous perception of anomaly, conceptual and observation recognition, the change of categories and procedures of the paradigm that ends us often accompanied by a resistance, resistanceensures that it is not easy.
When the paradigm shift is given everything around it tends to change, this means that scientists will observe new things in the world of research differently in perceiving and also in doing the procedures, it is not that it is not that They were looking at the same fact but that these data were reconfigured in another way, this means that the previous paradigm must be broken to continue a new one but this will happen only if there is an alternative candidate that will take its place, that a new theory appears In response of a crisis that needs to lead to a new world, this crisis happens in the face of the failure of a normal activity to solve a new problem, that is, given the appearance of a problem, the current paradigm has no answers and that is where a new Theory, but sometimes past theories becomes aborted that were not valid at that time because there was no crisis that made them a new paradigm, Scientists seek to adopt to the new paradigm with new tools and instruments that seek new places, as in the example of Galileo that with their new telescope I seek to perform it more breadally and that I get to look at the universe, this change of paradigm did that its perceptual as its perceptual scientific is different, that their techniques, methods and procedures change that is when a scientific revolution occurs that leads us to change the world.
To conclude, it is worth mentioning that science should be accompanied by the story that as we have seen in the essay is essential to progress little by little and reach a normal science that starts from a paradigm that encompasses everything that is known at a given timeFor a historical era, but when this paradigm is no longer useful to us, nor explains the problems that are happening at that time, it enters into crisis which makes us create another paradigm that replaces the previous one is when the scientific revolution occursExplanation to the new phenomena that escapes the previous paradigm and that can be replaced, when a new paradigm is built, scientists change with it, begin to see the new world and thus apply new tools from the paradigm to adapt and improve the paradigmsabove.
References
- CURIOSFERA. (April 30, 2020). Obtained from https: // curnsferae-historia.com/inventor-telescope-historical/
- OpenMind BBVA. (August 25, 2017). Obtained from https: // www.BBVAOPENMIND.com/science/large-people/Galileo-and-his-CELPO-LOS-First-Ojos-Hatia-El-Espacio/
- University of Valencia . (February 15, 2018). Obtained from https: // www.UV.is/UVWEB/UNIT-CULTURE-CIENTIFIC-INNOVATION-CATEDRA-DIVULGACION-CIENCIA/ES/NEWS/GALILEO-PER-CIENCIA-MODERNA-1285899375231/NOVETAT.HTML?ID = 1286033509775#: ~: text = GALILEO%20GALILEI%20 (PISA%2C%2015%20DE, THANK A%20A%20SUS%20OBservaciones
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