Migratory flows explain the reasons for migrations.
Migratory flows allow us to analyze what are the reasons for migrations. The main reason that explains the migratory flows of Spain since 2008 are those caused by the economic crisis, including the most important and therefore the object of this work, labor precariousness.
In the glossary number seven on the migration published by the International Organization for Migration (IIM) in 2006, it defines the concept of human mobility as “the mobilization of people from one place to another in exercise of their right to free movement”. “It is a process caused for different reasons, with the intention of remaining at the destination for short, long or even indefinite periods to carry out circular mobility. In this process there is the crossing of the limits of a geographical or political division in a country or abroad ”.
Following the free movement of people, which begins with the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, more migratory flows between Member States begin to be produced. But the history of migratory flows beyond the European sphere allows us to make a comparison with other national and international migration processes, giving rise to different points of analysis: the reasons, conditions, settlement, integration of migrants andAccess to citizenship from other communities. Therefore, migratory flows have always been responsible for explaining why the mobility of people from one country or another or another is produced to another.
The main reason for young Spanish emigration.
The economic crisis that began in 2008 has caused a high unemployment rate, 13.6% (INE, 2020). Spain for a long time has obtained a positive immigration balance becoming an emigration country, as was during most of the twentieth century. Thus, we began to obtain a negative migration balance, when the country’s exit flows exceeded those of entry in 2011, according to the INE. In 2013, Spain was the European country that most experienced emigration with a total of 523.303 people, according to Eurostat figures in 2015.
According to the INE (2020), the Spanish population increased during 2018 by 276.186 people and stood at 47.100.396 inhabitants in July 2019. With this growth, the highest since 2008 (when the population increased by 770.333 people) the highest historical value is exceeded, reached in 2012. The population increase of the semester was the result of a negative vegetative balance of 45.002 people (2019), which was compensated with a positive migratory balance of 209.097 people since there were 348.625 Immigrations from abroad and 139.528 emigrations destined abroad.
The economic crisis prompted the difficulty in getting a job, causing high levels of job precariousness. The young Spaniards began to find impediments to achieve emancipation and to start stable projects. Therefore, I want to explain some of the testimonies that affirm the objective of this work.
Leticia Flores-Strada, Sociologist and Doctor of the International Migration and Social Integration Program, interviewed several young people in 2015, half of them worked in Spain before leaving abroad (Flores-Strada, 2015). Most were in a situation of professional stagnation, of not being able to have new challenges. Others, on the other hand, suffered the bad working conditions that made them feel frustrated and undervalued.
The group of young people who stood out the most, in terms of number, were the ones who were "fleeing" from precariousness in Spain because their conditions were mainly characterized by not having a contract. Some assured that, "most young people charge black, or half in black, half discharged in Social Security". The most used contracts in Spain are temporary. The interviewees explained that some of the excuses that entrepreneurs put to justify the use of temporary contracts, are that they are young and have no responsibilities, making it impossible to maintain a certain economic stability mainly.
The famous practices contracts are the most used by the companies that hire young people recent. In addition, "this only happens to the Spaniards," said a person interviewed for this TFG who had a practical contract at the Spanish embassy in Rome and the rest of the young people from other countries who had the same contract, they charged. A higher level is that of a fellow, cobras, but not depending on your schedule or qualification because it is the experience that serves as an excuse when hiring the fellow. Finally, it would be within the work nothing or little paid, the false freelancers. A company’s requirement to hire you is that you are discharged as an autonomous, while the company itself saves all social security contribution expenses by the worker.
Finally, the work below the level of training are the most abundant, since most of those interviewed by Leticia Flores-Strada claimed to be working below their qualification. Overcuration is one of the recurring issues when articulating the speech. Causes a feeling of deep frustration that leads to fully reject this situation of professional stagnation. One of the young people interviewed by this author perfectly summarizes the idea shared with the majority of young people who conducted this interview: "We have ambition and we want to put into practice what they have learned, work and feel realized, which for that we have been studying so many years"
In short, the young interviewees claimed that what would have to change to be able to return are working conditions, apart from salary and stability, feeling recognized and valued at work.
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