Literature review in pharmaceutical industries
Introduction
The objective of this study is to examine the behavior of pharmaceutical industries in the medical care of their inputs. The model is dynamic and complex. The author is based on the 1997 census data on sales (in millions of dollars) of national manufacturers in various categories that allow approaching the price-cost margins, where there are approximately 230 American industries. In the context of the study, when patents expire, generic substitutes often introduce a strong price competition.
Developing
The extent to which the genericians capture the market share of the original brand drugs dependent on government regulatory policies, the reimbursement strategies of medical care insurers and the organization of medical care institutions. However, the author finds a paradox;And if the scheme is implemented mechanically, large companies with R&D portfolios (consumers and producers benefit) that contain many affected projects to obtain higher investment yields than small businesses with few projects.
Patents and product differentiation lead at prices far superior to production costs. The author concludes that although one can share the underlying objectives of cost control, a review of the specific consequences that the aversion of most economists to price controls is fine, but the conditions that create strong incentives for investment in investment inPharmaceutical ID also awakens the public’s concern about monopoly positions, high prices and the introduction of efficacy or uncertain security products.
This concern flows regulatory complications to clinical test protocols and prices that could delay future technological progress. The problem is complicated by the fact that national states can behave rationally as free correctors, more exactly, cheap correctors, ignoring the consequences of their policies on the R&D decisions of drugs in other parts of a complex multinational industry. Brekke, KR, Holmås, Th, Straume, Or. Margins and market quotas: pharmacy incentives for generic replacement.
European Economic Review. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the margins of the products on the incentive of pharmacies to promote generic. The model is dynamically and substantially. In the document a theoretical and empirical analysis has been carried out where the results are significantly intensive for dispensing pharmacies without being perfect agents for patients and for pharmacy incentives are important to boost generic sales. The prescription database contains information about all sales related to prescription.
At the level of pharmacology in Norway from 2004 and from now on. The information also contains detailed information about the product name, manufacturer, launch date, package size, resistance, presentation form (for example, tablet, capsule, injection), etc. In the context of the study, the incentive for pharmacies promoted generic medicines instead of brand medications is based on a theoretical model of vertical differentiation. In this case, pharmacies incentives to direct demand for generic medicines.
conclusion
They are affected in the product’s margin difference between generic and brands. These incentives are stronger the greater the difference in copayment between brands and generic. These effects are confirmed in the second part of the document, where Norwegian data on sales and prices are used in both producers (former manufacturer) and retail level (pharmacy) for 70 substances without patent with generic competence for a period of four years. The author concludes that controlling the differences of retail prices of brands and generic.
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