Intellectual disability in education
Introduction
Recently the Law of Special Education of this country, idea, has just used the term "mental retardation" and changed the term "intellectual disability."In October 2010, President Obama affirmed Rosa’s Law (Rosa’s Law), which sends that all federal laws from now on will use the term" intellectual disability, "defining it as ..
"A significantly low general intellectual functioning of the average, which exists concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the development period, which adversely affects the academic performance of the child".
Background
Since the very emergence of humanity people with disabilities have been subject to discrimination, segregation and even eugenic practices, have been considered from demons to gods, the truth is that variations of any kind have always seemed a threat, the differentDisplaced, mental disabled, such as all those affected by some type of disability, have been exposed more than any other human group, philosophical currents, socio -political consequences and reigning anthropological models in each historical moment.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, whom he had a psychic disability was considered an upset person, who had to be admitted to orphanages, asylum, without receiving any kind of specific attention. They are called fools, insane, mental weak, different, crazy or crazy.
In the 18th century, great personalities such as: Voltaire, Roseau, Lacker etc. They influence a change in attitude towards the disabled for taking men of their time to examine life and the world as the basis of human experience.
The Industrial Revolution refers Hernández Gómez, R. allowed disabled people to be seen as public responsibility.
It is from 1800 that the study of the causes of disability, Esquirol, French doctor, spoke of mental difference, as a situation characterized by the defective development of intellectual faculties, society acquires more clearly awareness about the problem,social representing disabled people, but there was still a negative attitude towards people with intellectual disabilities, pointing out that they constituted a threat and a danger to family and society.
Professional rehabilitation began with great emphasis on the western world from 1914, when hundreds of young people from Europe countries and later the United States, suffered from physical and mental sequelae acquired in the war clashes.
In 1919 the Versailles Peace Treaty was signed and the International Labor Organization (or.Yo.T), entity that has had a decisive role in the promulgation of government laws and norms that seek to protect the rights of people with disabilities, in promotion and development of professional rehabilitation programs in the world. Finally in 1955, at the International Labor Conference, Recommendation No. 99, on the rehabilitation and use of the invalids.
At the end of World War II, a second paradigm is consolidated, known as the rehabilitation paradigm.
This model concludes that the problem of disability is located in the individual (the person with disabilities), since it is in their deficiency (physical, mental or sensory) and in its lack of skill, whereLocate the origin of its difficulties. The rehabilitation paradigm has meant an important step of progress in the disability approach and has provided and continues to provide valuable services to many people.
In 1946 the Nüremberg Code was proclaimed;This established a decalogue of principles that should be respected when human dignity was affected (medical experimentation or research in humans). Here the documentation of the informed consent in a free and voluntary manner was established as a mandatory requirement. In 1946 the WHO made universal the concept of the right to health, at the end of 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that indicated the right of people to Social Security and Health, in October 1949, was promulgated, the Code arisesInternational Medical Ethics, adopted by the Third General Assembly of the World Medical Association (London).
In recent years that there has been greater understanding and will to serve disabled people, different terms or meanings have been sought to refer to these people trying not to be exclusive, that only fact, that is, seek differences is already exclusive sinceAs has already been said, "it is normal to be different" 7 are now called unbalanced, different, disablecharity and insertion. As progressing in the acceptance of the diversity of people, society incorporates terms and qualifies concepts, despite the mere fact of being people guarantees the same and absolute consideration and respect.
What is intellectual disability disorder?
Intellectual disability (DI) refers to a static encephalopathy of multiple etiologies that involves limitation in intelligence and adaptive capacity. This term is preferred to the hitherto used mental retardation.
The term psychomotor delay is used in children under 5 years and cognitive difficulties, because the intelligence coefficient (CI) is less reliable below this age. DEFINITION: There are two widely accepted definitions of this term, that of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) IV and that of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).
The DSMIV uses the term mental retard. It is considered mild mental retardation without the intellectual coefficient (CI) is between 50 and 70;moderate if the IC is between 35 and 50;Severo if the IC is between 20-35 and deep if the CI adaptive abilities are the skills of daily life that are needed to live, work and play in the community. These include communication, social and interpersonal skills, self-care, domestic life, self-control, basic academic skills (basic reading, writing and mathematics), work, leisure, health and safety. It is considered that there is a limitation in adaptive abilities if there is a deficit in at least two of these areas compared to children of the same age and culture.
It is recommended to use intellectual disability instead of mental retardAmerican Intellectual Disabled Association (AAIDD). AIDD defines intellectual disability as a significant limitation in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning and problem solving) and adaptive behavior, which covers a series of social and practical skills with start before the age of 18.
Causing of the disorder
The new investigations carried out, suggest that the main causes can come from the genetic order with the interaction of the environment (pollution, alcohol, drugs, solar radiation, high level of lead in the blood, premature, lack of nutrients, brain injuries and trauma),However, it can also be for non -genetic reasons, referring to psychosocial factors, as such there is not yet a precise way that can respond to its origin, however the genetic factor is key.
The first cause of mental retardation in Mexico is the fetal or alcoholic fetus (SAF) syndrome, a syndrome that is preventable and that so far, the exact figures of those who suffer from it are unknown. According to the National Commission against Addictions, during pregnancy alcoholic beverages should be avoided. Conadic research and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) have indicated it as something serious;However, no one has taken to work to carry out prevention campaigns.
A document published in 2000 by the World Health Organization (WHO), declared that it is difficult to give exact figures of the incidence of SAF since its diagnosis is influenced by various adverse factors, such as poor nutrition, domestic violence, abuse of other substances or a history of obstetric problems by maternal part.
The consumption of alcoholic beverages during pregnancy is an important factor in the development of this syndrome;However, it is impossible to determine with what amount increases that the fetus contracts it, even.
The United Nations Organization (UN), through its health specialized body, defines SAF as “a grouping of abnormalities that occurs in children born to women with relatively high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy during pregnancy.
The SAF diagnosis can only be done when there are signs of abnormality in each of the following categories: growth delay (weight or length of less than 10% average), commitment of the central nervous system (neurological abnormality, such as hearing disorders, delay, delayin the development, dysfunction or behavioral deficit, intellectual deficiency, such as learning disability or mental retardation, or structural abnormalities such as brain malformations);and a typical face (narrow eye openings, elongation and flattening on the middle face, thin upper lip, and/or an indefinite slot between the upper lip and the nose) ””.
To explain more clearly what the SAF is, the Maternal Child Institute of the State of Mexico (IMIEM) explains the way in which the consumption of alcoholic beverages affects the fetus: “When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, he travels throughFrom the blood to the placenta, this means that when a pregnant mother takes a glass of wine, her baby also drinks a glass of wine.
Alcohol breaks down much more slowly in the baby’s body than in an adult;That means that the level of alcohol in the blood of the fetus remains raised for longer than in the mother ”. Because it is still unknown exactly how often it is precisely what unleashes serious damage, and although there are certain studies that discard the relationship of moderate consumption with damage to newborns, experts are sharp to say thatThe only way to prevent SAF is not ingesting alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. Josep Guardia, from the San Creu and San Pablo de Barcelona Hospital, Spain, told the ABC newspaper that “a pregnant woman who consumes any amount of alcohol is at risk of having a child with fetal alcoholism syndrome.
In the most serious cases, alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortions, births of dead babies and serious cardiac malformations.
Cognitive profile
To establish the cognitive profile of a subject with intellectual disability, the application of a psychological test or an intelligence scale is necessary, as well as keep in mind the diagnostic criteria that have been established, DSM IV has established criteria for the diagnosis of the diagnosis of the diagnosis of the diagnosisMental retardation. Argued as follows:
A. Intellectual capacity significantly lower than the average: an approximately 70 or lower CI in an individually administered CI test (in that of young children, a clinical judgment of intellectual capacity significantly lower than the average).
B. Deficit or alterations of occurrence in the current adaptive activity (effectiveness of the person to meet the demands raised for their age and their cultural group), in at least two of the following areas: personal communication, domestic life, interpersonal social skills, useof community resources, self-control, functional academic skills, work, leisure, health and security.
C. The beginning is prior to 18 years. F70 Mild mental delay (317): CI between 50-55 and approximately 70. F71 Moderate mental retardation (318.0): CI between 35-40 and 50-55. F72 Severe mental retardation (318.1): CI between 20-25 and 35-40. F73 deep mental retardation (318.2): CI less than 20-25. F79 Mental delay of un specified gravity (319): When there is a clear presumption of mental retardation, but the subject’s intelligence cannot be evaluated by usual tests.
While on the other hand, the CIE-10 argues the mental retardation as follows. Mental delay is a disorder defined by the presence of incomplete or detained mental development, mainly characterized by the deterioration of the concrete functions of each era of development and that contribute to the global level of intelligence, such as cognitive functions, those of theLanguage, motor and socialization. Mental delay can be accompanied by any other somatic or mental disorder. In fact, those affected by mental retard. In addition to this, individuals with mental retardation have a higher risk of exploitation or physical and sexual abuse.
The adaptation to the environment is always affected, but in a protected social environment, with adequate support, it may not be significant in patients with a mild mental retardation. A fourth character can be resorted to specify the behavioral deterioration present, provided that it is not due to a concomitant disorder:
The cognitive profile, which is after the application of the test, is a useful tool that is commonly used so that at the time that a subject with intellectual disabilities requests its income either to the workplace or educational sphere, thestrengths and weaknesses marked in the results so that the person with Di can be used and study from the reinforcement of their weaknesses and the empowerment of their strengths, and although the standardized test throws a statistical score, it will only locate the performance of the subject but not thein full.
Treatments
There are different treatments to reduce symptoms and improve the functioning of the person who suffers from it. We can find pharmacological treatment, psychotherapy, educational or a combination of both, recreational recreational activities in occupational therapy.
Special education and behavioral therapy can help a person living their lives to the fullest, carrying out activities that allow them to maintain the skills they already have.
Social-practical development model, applied behavioral analysis, behavior therapy, sensory processing, occupational therapy, recreational recreational activities.
Activities of daily life, personal care, sphincter control, social activities, integration, physical exercise and special education.
Also attend with specialists such as occupational therapists, pediatric neurologist, clinical psychologist, psychiatrist and pediatrician.
conclusion
Therefore the therapies how much the modification of behavior, when applied to people with intellectual disabilities, are attended to the same general procedures that respectively use with any other subjects. To work in psychotherapy or instead behavioral with patients, knowledge of such procedures, areas of professional work of the psychologist is required. If, apart from having drawn this sketch or general situation of situation, it would certainly have expressed the hypothesis that the mental retard Go to those techniques that, after the proper evaluation of the case, seem more promising and effective in the elimination or reduction of determining procedural dysfunctionalities.
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