Independence of Mexico in the 21st century
Since its conquest, life in New Spain was based on castes and slavery, creating a feeling of oppression that would end a group, directed by Miguel Hidalgo, declaring the struggle for independence. On September 16, 1810, after months of hidden political discussions with independence groups, Miguel Hidalgo declared the war against the Spanish government.
The war was based on politics and a separation of powers. From the beginning of the colonial era, the new society was hierarchized by a caste system. This system separated people and gave them certain ranges based on their ethnicity, which dictated in which activities individuals would dedicate themselves or could exercise. The Spanish ‘pure’ born in Europe were the only ones who could occupy public positions, and at a lower level were the Creoles, Europeans born in America, who could acquire land but did not carry out any political work. When the War of Independence ended, the ranges hierarchy was eliminated and in New Independent New Mexico, different aspects such as education or military experience would be the means by which politics would be achieved. In this essay, independence will be analyzed and the ideologies, political instabilities and ways of living between this newly independent Mexico and Mexico will be compared during the 21st century. Mexico, like almost all countries in America, received slaves as a result of colonization.
Searches to abolish this inhuman condition began in the cradle of independence, where the priest Hidalgo established, from its revolutionary decree in 1810, the liberation of slaves. Like independence, the abolition of slavery was also delayed and long, because in all struggles, the issue of slavery was not a priority. Even Agustín de Iturbide had difficulties, because abolishing slavery at that time was to put himself with private property. In the Constitution of 1824 it was established that no Mexican citizen would be treated or sold as a slave, ending slavery in the country. Although the Constitution continues to prohibit slavery in Mexico during the 21st century, according to the National Human Rights Commission (CNDH), slavery is still carried out in different ways such as humans, child labor and forced recruitment ofChildren by drug cartels to fight in armed conflicts. According to the National Population Council, in 1810 (the year that the War of Independence is declared) there were about 10,000 slaves in New Spain, while the General Directorate of Social Communication estimates that there are approximately 300,000 Mexicans and Mexican victims of modern slavery.
When comparing these figures, it can be said that over the years this independence position of abolishing slavery in theory continues in effect, but according to numbers, slavery has illegally increased around 3000%. The independence of Mexico was fought by different groups that had different ideologies of how to govern the country after independence. When war ends, there was no concrete plan for how Mexico would be governed, which caused political instability in the country. Between 1824 and 1876 (54 years), Mexico would have had 34 different rulers, because of different coups and murders, each serving on average 1 year and 6 months. On the other hand, Mexico during the last 54 years (1964-2018) has had only 9 rulers, serving a period of 6 years each.
Mexico has found the political stability that lacked freshly independent, since it has not had a coup d’etat since post -revolutionary times. Since 1934, each president of Mexico has fulfilled his six -year period in power, which means that Mexico in the 21st century managed to have the political stability that was once longed for in the period after independence. The loss of territories was also a key aspect of independent Mexico. After independence in 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, Creole leader of the Mexicans Guerra for Independence, proclaimed emperor of the Republic of Mexico. His political perspective was conservative. At the time of Independence, América Central was united with Mexico, however, he quickly declared his independence from Mexico. Iturbide refused to recognize his independence. Iturbide ruled as an autocrat and was overthrown in 1823 by liberals who wanted to see an extension of rights to all citizens and a greater representation of people who use a parliament.
In the same year, the United Provinces of Central America officially independently independent from Mexico, but finally divided into individual nations such as Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras. This is an example of regional unity failure, similar to the disintegration of the South American Gran Colombia in the nations of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela the problem of the Government of the leaders became a characteristic of Mexico after independence, similar to theRule of leaders in independent nations from South America. For example, for several decades, the leader General Antonio López de Santa Anna ruled Mexico as a conservative military dictator despite the promises of liberal reforms.
During his government, the Mexican territory known as Texas rebelled and declared its independence from Mexico, proclaiming an independent republic. These Texans were mainly of non -Spanish ancestry, being settlers on the east coast of the United States. They had very little in common with the Mexican majority. Despite some early victories, Santa Ana was defeated and fell briefly out of favor with Mexicans until the United States annexed Texas in 1845. Mexico saw this as an act of aggression and Santa Ana returned as Caudillo and leader of the Army of Mexico. The Mexican-American war gave rise to the American occupation of Mexico and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. With her, the United States received the north third of what Mexico was then, including California and the American Southwest.
In the present, Mexico is still made up of the same territory from the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, nor has it seen serious independence movements by the other states, giving geopolitical stability to the country without the need for more territorial and/or armed conflicts betweenMexico and other countries.The Constitution of 1824, based on the Constitution of the United States of America, established a series of democratic objectives and provided a Federal Republic, which consisted in 19 states, four territories and the Federal District of Mexico City. Indigenous peoples lost their special colonial status and the protections that accompany them, as government pupils.
In many ways, they were worse in the nineteenth century than in the paternalism of the Spanish crown. In addition, restrictive state legislation excluded the great mass of peasants from the political process. Because the slavery of movable property had decreased a lot in Mexico and was less extended than in other parts of the Americas, a decree that abolished it in 1829 was largely symbolic. On the other hand, the 1917 Constitution, still in force almost 100 years later, has 137 articles. These define citizenship, organize a government, order agrarian reform and list basic human rights for all Mexicans.
Divided into ten thematic titles, the Constitution lists human rights, defines national citizenship, describes the associated rights and specifies the freedoms of foreigners residing in the country. It establishes the government, public service and social welfare, and Mexico City as the capital, with the Federal District as a separate entity, in addition to state jurisdiction. This contains three essential articles, articles 3, 27 and 123. Article 3 established free, mandatory and secular public education, free of clerical supervision and transformed the Mexican State. Article 27 ordered that the lands taken from the peasantry during the Porfiriato had to be returned, even if they had no written titles. Article 123 established an 8 -hour workday, a 6 -day work week, a minimum wage and the same salary for the same work.
The Constitution that governs Mexico in the present and the Constitution that governed it when they are freshly independent are completely different, which means that ideologies have changed dramatically from independence to the 21st century.It can be concluded that many of the ideologies of newly independent Mexico have changed, except for slavery partially, since it remains abolished, but that the amount of slaves has increased illegally. There are no longer dispossession of powers or coups, as well as independence movements in the country’s regions or territorial wars against other countries, thus reaching the political stability that lacked in the newly independent Mexico.
Finally, the norms have changed significantly between the Constitution of 1824 and the one that currently governs Mexico, that of 1917, thus being Mexico really consolidated as a sovereign country approximately a century after its independence.
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