Immanuel Kant Criticism of Reason
Introduction
The text that is going to be discussed is a fragment of the introduction of the criticism of pure reason that the illustrated philosopher Kant written in 1787, where the distinction between pure and empirical knowledge treats. This book is divided into two parts, transcendental doctrine of the transcendental elements and doctrine of the method, being the first subdivided into two other parts, transcendental aesthetic and transcendental logic. Transcendental logic, which is about intellectual activity, is also subdivided into transcendental and transcendental dialectic analytics.
Developing
The standard to be developed in this text are the limits of knowledge in Kant. Immanuel Kant was a German rationalist philosopher of the 18th century, who dedicated himself to making an elaborate synthesis between rationalism and empiricism. His most important works are the criticism of pure reason, which deals with the relationship between metaphysics and science;the criticism of practical reason, in terms of ethics;And the criticism of the trial, where he analyzes aesthetics. Kant lived during the Enlightenment, a cultural movement carried out in England and France that later moved throughout Europe.
In England it was taken as a reformist political measure, while in France it exploded in the form of a French revolution. In the case of Germany, Kant’s home country, this movement focused on analyzing the subject of reason and knowledge. The Century of the Enlightenment, also known as the Century of Lights, was an outstanding period of progress and education. Diderot and D ’Alembert created the encyclopedia, which collected all the knowledge of the time. Newton influenced carbonated with its advances regarding the analytical-experience to Hume and Kant, among others, among others.
In addition, different theories of the social contract emerged, highlighting those of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau. In this text, Kant shows us his synthesis between ‘a priori’ and ‘a posteriori’ as he calls them, that is, between innate knowledge and knowledge arising from experience. For Kant, knowledge does not precede experience, but it does not necessarily have to say, there are parts of the knowledge that we create from our own reason. The ideas called ‘a priori’ are, according to Kant, the latter that our own reason creates, and the ideas ‘a posteriori’ are those that come from the experience.
As indicated in the last line of the text, ‘Such knowledge is called a priori and is distinguished from the empirical, which has subsequent sources, that is, in experience’, it is the same, empirical knowledge is a compound of ideas’a priori ‘and’ a posteriori ‘. Kant sustained a transcendental idealism, according to which the mind would be empty by itself and it would be necessary to fill it with the experiences, but in turn, it is in itself, and when empirical knowledge enters it, it acquires its form. For Kant, our mind shapes reality, and already at the time of perceiving it, it is transforming it in its own way.
conclusion
In the case of sensitivity, the ‘a priori’ forms are space and time (pure intuitions), and in that of understanding, are the categories (pure concepts). In Kant there are two types of judgments or statements: analytics and synthetic. In the former, we can verify that true ‘a priori’, without the need for experience, since they are universal and necessary. In the latter, the experience is needed to verify them, since they refer to particular and contingent facts.
This difference would resemble the one that made between relationships of ideas and issues of fact, but for Kant there was a third type of judgments, the synthetic judgments a priori, which on the one hand were necessary as analytics and, on the other, they gave informationconcrete as synthetic. Kant closed this stage of modern philosophers to give way to contemporary philosophy, whose greatest exponents were Marx and Nietzsche.
Bibliography
History of Philosophy: Curricular chips of the ICUG and Selectivity Documents.
Commented, Benito Arbaizo Gil.
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