Government and Political Black
Introduction
The origin of the word government is located in the egea voice of the Greek (Kubernao, in turn of dark genesis, but perhaps related to the Sanskrit root of Kabarna Timón), a term in the essentials of the marine lexicon and employee to indicate the instrument with which the boat is oriented and the route is imposed, that is, the helm and, by extension, the act of handling and guiding the ship. We have, then, Government as what guides something towards its end, governing will become transferred to the subjects towards the objective, as a pilot governs the ship.
The state ship is a metaphor for extraordinary and imperishable success; It is cemented in the symmetric and contrary to the image in the always possible and so dreaded shipwreck of the public thing, a shipwreck that is verified when (another recurrent metaphorical action) does not take the safe vessel and save its port. Avoid wrecking means wisely combining the actions of directing, administering, sending, deciding, organizing, moderating, which are those that precisely give body to the current acceptance of government.
Developing
The idea of governing is equivalent to taking someone, or something, travels through medieval Latin into the vulgar Italian (as well as the other sister languages, with the exception, for many aspects, of the German, with the term regierung, and of the English, with the verb to rule). In the western romance area the different local dialects appropriate the meaning of governing as guiding, directing, taking care. In northern Italy, the verb is oriented towards the sense of taking care of the field and, more prosaically, pay. In parallel, in Italy and France it means “taking care of animals. To take care of a herd or a flock to send in a human group.
In 1292 Bono Giamboni used to govern in the sense of managing in exercise the (maximum) power.
Governo refers to the form of political regime and on the other begins to refer to the complex political body that manages and determines the orientation of the State.
The strongest root of the term government rootes in the Greek culture, in the contemporary intellectual context to Aristotle and Plato. The government concept is then, so to speak, disseminated between a multiplicity of linguistic referents.
With Machiavelli, the defining content of the word government explodes; In the Machiavellian works, and specifically in the Prince, it can be said that governing indicates the exercise of the supreme political and administrative functions of a State. The action of governing clearly implies the existence of two parties, a holder of the power and depositary of the indispensable authority for exercise, and another subject to such authority and power.
Government is also referred to an administrative position or function or, more frequently, to the directives, to the orders, to the provisions that are always taught in the administrative field. In the German field, at the beginning of the 16th century, the term regierung is aimed at identifying the government apparatus, that is, to people specifically occupied with governmental tasks.
The government is always in the hands of a restricted political class, one part always governs, always commands, and the other, always governed, obeys. The government of a State is very different from its administration and in the way of governing it.
Georges Burdeau, in the second half of the 50s, had resorted to Government to coin the distinction between governed and ruler democracy, in order to demonstrate the insufficiency of an interpretive logic only in relation to constitutional organizations.
The idea of Governance seems to be one in which the branched extremes both lexical and conceptual- of the multisecular history of the government today give the greatest fruits today. Indeed, it is an idea that in recent years has had an extraordinary success not only among scholars: in 2000 the European Commission presented the reform of Governance as one of its four strategic objectives and in 2001 it produced a white paper that The European Governance had as a purpose. But his career originates a lot before. The English word Governance and the French Gouvernance directly in the thirteenth century, as government equivalents. Then they fall into disuse, but the English term reappears in the modern equated language of Governing, to refer to the government process, in a complementary study perspective with respect to the most strictly institutional.
The word governance is currently used in two main meanings. The first arises at the end of the 80s in the vocabulary used in the World Bank reports, and serves to indicate a new style of government, other than the hierarchical control model and characterized by a greater degree of cooperation and interaction between the State and non -state actors inside public/private mixed decision -making. The second, more general, probably derives from the field of cost and transactions economy and refers to different modalities of coordination of individual actions, understood as primary sources of construction of the social order. By extension, any form of social coordination is defined as Government.
As for politics we can say that the first authors who reflected on the nature of political society and the appropriate relationships between rulers and governed are Plato, Hobbes Locke and Rousseau. The oldest school defines politics within the total context of Marxist theory, a context of class conflict and the primacy of the economic forces in which the State is designated a secondary and derived role, the most recent approach, associated With American political science, focus on the political behavior of leaders and led, of selected groups and masses, analyzing within a wide variety of contexts inspired by other social sciences.
Politics is sometimes described as a particular way of solving problems, is to reach decisions through rational discussion and arguments leading to persuasion and consent, it is not enough to say that politics is the Government, Well, schools and banks also have a government. The distinctive brand of a political action is that compliance can be forced, since the government can force people to obey through the threat of physical force.
The use of force in a society must form a unit system and therefore is always characteristic of politics and always identifies the political, there may be more than one type of decision -making coexisting in the same society, but they are only political Decisions backed by force, the only brake on the use of force in a state is that another state or states use or threatens to do so. Therefore, force is the main characteristic of international and national policy.
The history of political thought follows the ideas about politics, the first writers have adopted their own opinions of what politics is, and many of them have emphasized strength, for example, Thucydides, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes and Hobbes and Marx. A strong point of politics as a discipline is that it contains many different concepts of itself and many frames of reference for their study, since the very process of reaching an agreement with them is instructive by itself.
For Albert Weale there are at least two approaches to the definition of policy. On the one hand, we can define it in terms of certain institutions where human activity is carried out. In this approach the policy is defined with what happens in the State and its associated organisms. On the other hand, we can define it as a set of processes that take place within the entire series of human institutions. For collective choice theorists, these processes are those that are involved when a group of people has to adopt a common action course.
In modern political life there are many situations in which a large number of people are required to cooperate at the same time in order to produce a benefit, but cannot only be restricted to those who have cooperated to produce the benefit.
Leftwich mentions that, in general, when people think of politics, it is common for them to identify it with the more or less exclusive public sphere of quarrels and struggles generally unpleasant for the position and power that in some circumstances can be violent.
Conventionally this is related to the activities of political parties, pressure groups, revolutionary movements, elections, parliaments, congresses, military regimes, civil governments and the like.
The policy is at the center of all collective, formal and informal, public and private social activity, in all human groups, institutions and societies, not only in some of them. Given this approach, politics is found in families, groups of relatives or tribes, so called, in villages, villages, regions, nations-states and, in the modern world.
Politics is also found in all formal institutions, such as the Church, factories, bureaucracies, universities and clubs, as well as in political parties, unions, insurance offices, women’s groups, cameras of commerce, associations of parents, parents, the mafia and the armies, and in all the relationships that can be obtained between them. It is also found in groups, both in modern and historical society, in complex industrial societies, or in the simplest and smaller structure societies of all types based on subsistence or agrarian where there may be no formal government institutions.
Informal groups can include tails to board the bus, football fans, people who first meet in a camp, pressure groups of pressure or voluntary associations.
Politics is not a separate area of life and public activity, on the contrary, politics covers all cooperation and conflict activities, within and between societies, through which the human species organizes the use, production and distribution of human resources, the natives and others. Culture and ideologies are linked to the policy of any group, and cultural conflicts between them constitute part of the policy of some societies. For its part, Alex Callinicos mentions that Marxism denies that politics is a persistent characteristic in all forms of society, politics should be considered only as an aspect of the social group.
The exploitation and class struggle are those that provide the key to any authentic understanding of politics, in this way, politics arises from class struggle, it is a transitory historical phenomenon. Politics is the process through which classes that have antagonistic interests struggle to obtain, retain or influence the power of the State, it is common to see politics as the mechanism through which conflicts of interest are resolved, and This mode ensures social balance, but Marxism denies that politics can resolve the conflicts that generate it.
conclusion
The conflict, the struggle between rival groups, is endemic to human society, and that is why it will continue to generate politics, whatever the transformation through which economic and social dispositions pass, in this way, Marxism is a theory of The abolition of politics, since he anticipates and tries to achieve a communist society in which classes or the State do not exist.
Finally, politics can be illustrated at different levels, in micro, meso and macroter terms. The micro meaning is the way in which the issue of politics is defined, locally in an department, exerts a great influence on how it will be constituted and studied locally. The political nature and the implications of the debate about the definition of politics and the proper scope of politics research can be illustrated in terms of average level (or meso) and the macronivel is found in institutions and the State. The political word refers to the activity in the world, and the political word refers to academic discipline.
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