Fight for equal opportunities between men and women
Hypothesis
The notable abuses over the centuries in question, have overwhelmed, civil, social and political rights among others, to men and mainly emphasize women in the present work, which is why, given so much oppression, they arise as a consequence. different theories; Thoughts and movements, including the French Revolution, the drafting of the Declaration of Women and Citizen Rights by Olympe de Gouces; a brilliant and radical allegation in favor of female claims, precursor as fundamental of the first wave of feminism towards the conquest of the rights hindered for the women of the time and with a vision that frames the development of a social struggle until today.
Introduction
In the present work, it is tried to address a historical comparison and an analysis of the situation of women in feudal society as in the emergence of absolutist states, from the context reflected in great thinkers of the twentieth century and 21st century, some protagonists of the waves of feminism, in their aforementioned texts, beyond a personal conclusion with bibliography studied in class.
Developing
Within the framework of a feudal society; a political, social and economic system that developed in much of Western Europe from the end of the ninth century until the end of the 12th century approximately.
Feudalism ; with the presence of the most oppressed figure such as the vassals and the feudal lords, who demanded from the vassals the payment of taxes; obliged to a series of payments for the right of land use, mills, inheritance taxes and even marriage .
The vassal produced the earth but was subsumed in deplorable conditions of life, in addition to having part of the harvested to his feudal lord, who increased unsustainable of taxes to maintain the power of the king, which as a consequence enriched his armies Royal, a subordination of rights to their feudal lord, total obedience, or men, or women were architects of their freedom, the behavior of women should follow a series of social guidelines established according to the feudal hierarchical structure; together with a man who is responsible for her and her behavior.
They pass from the "power" of her father’s father and can never act without the permission or "license" of that man ". His most specific roles are those of wife, mother and generally domestic and specific labor of the rural areas of the rural environment. The woman cannot marry her lord’s domain and, if she does, her children will be distributed between her and her husband’s.
Then with the conversion of these to absolutist states, of the nations-states it meant a break to the medieval order; With this, the absolutist centralized states were strengthened; It was a form of government in which the king concentrated all the power unlimitedly, without controls or counterweights. The nobility lost much of its political power but continued to be maintained as a privileged class, only that the king placed himself on top of them, granted them tax exceptions, occupied the most important positions of administration and army, concentrated in most of the lands exploited by the peasants, for example in France; A great agrarian country so that its economic prosperity depended largely on good or bad harvests and their manufactures.
The structural context in which society divided into three levels, where the privileged was the joint clergy with the nobility and finally the third state.
Towards the process of exhausting the land of cultivation, the infrahuman conditions of life, famine and the unsustainable increase in taxes; Evil being began to demonstrate, culminating with the rebellion of the bourgeoisie (made up of artisans, peasants) against the nobility, within the framework of the French revolution in 1789, he struggled French monarchical absolutism in contrast to resurgent ideas such as the Illustration, as a consequence in addition to the economic crises product of the American independence wars, the rise in cereal prices, unleashed that the bourgeoisie took the prominence, in struggle of their rights, fundamental rights denied during the era of absolutism; As a result of this after the French Revolution, the proclamation of the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen in 1789 is produced, which served as the basis and inspiration to all the statements of the nineteenth and twentieth century statements.
It was based on the theory of the general will of Jean Jaques Rousseau «the strongest is never enough to always be the master or lord, if he does not transform his force into law and obedience into duty.»And in the Division of Powers of Montesquieu as well as in natural rights; I constituted the first constitutional and universal antecedent by guaranteeing, freedom; the property; legitimate defense, equality before the law, freedom of thought among others.
At the same time, it implies that the recognition of civil liberties, policies in France, frame a paradigm for the century, coincides with the birth of the so-called first wave of feminism between the 17th century, one of the first flags; French author called "Olimpia de Gouces", the main milestone of this wave was to achieve equal civil rights, such as marriage rights and children, work, professional training, and education; Here was also born the need to contemplate the female suffrage (although more than one century and a half later would be made), thanks to the movement of the suffragists in the United Kingdom, mainly headed by Emmeline Pankhurst.
Later, Simone de Beauvoir in the publication of her book "The Second Sex" (Simone de Beauvoir, 1949), it is considered that the third wave of feminism begins. Who is considered one of the drivers; She made some critical references of the ideal of the Rousseau social contract, which was a pillar of the base of illusionism; This is analyzed from the text […] by María Teresa López Pardina (“It is a mental prejudice, thus understanding it a prejudice similar to that of the Old Regime society that recognized privileges to some subjects for the fact of being born nobles and did not recognize Those who were born commoners .(..) This was denounced by Rousseau’s planning; But he was still leaving women aside ". (The second sex in time, perspectives, 1999, ed. INTERNATIONAL ISIS).
According to the same author, if the social contract of J.J. Rousseau was the foundations of modern democracy, Simone de Beauvoir in his book "The Second Sex"; She laid the foundations of total and effective democracy because it marks inequality; Between men and women it is cultural unnatural, understanding that democracy must be that form of government that are considered equal to citizens.
Simone de Beauvoir, doing a historical analysis, about the evolution of the treatment and figure of women in society, has come to the conclusion, that at different times the woman, whether by tradition or cultural issue, is oppressed; The same in the Middle Ages, the woman is dependent on the man and the husband or father of her; The woman was married without her consent, according to the feudal Lord; In addition to the confusion between sovereignty, property and public rights as private.
Finally, another of the points to be highlighted by Simone de Beauvoir, in her essay, remarks that the URS had fought for that equality for Soviet women, was one of the political regimes that had advanced a lot; sanctions, Soviet laws; although today the term "feminism"; It is controversial, subject, I adhere to the ideological criteria of women. The USSR was characterized; In the great Russian civil war, many women participated in their fight, working in the factories.
Legislative projects have been sanctioned that struggled to empower Russian women; In 1918 a new legislative body was written in which the right to divorce was granted and for women to own assets, the female suffrage, civil marriage, the birth outside of marriage was recognized, among other changes.
In 1919 the Department for the Woman of the Communist Party, or Zhenotdel, dedicated to the organization of women, female literacy, the defense of women’s rights, and propaganda for the incorporation of the female population to work to work was created of home. Since 1920 abortion and prostitution were legalized.
Thus, Simone de Simone de Beauvoir expresses in her essay "It will be the revolution that will carry out the emancipation of the workers.”(“ The second sex in facts and myths, 1949; Chapter IV; Page. 51, ed. XIX CENTURY).
It will also be necessary to note that the USSR; They had no job restriction: they could exercise as industrial workers, medical surgeons, teachers, scientific or even astronomers; All this, receiving the same salary as men by constitutional decree. Undoubtedly, this fact that today seems so trivial was decisive in the history of women’s rights and is currently not a reality in most countries; The Soviet with the possibility of working and received a decent salary for this work; which was added to the homework, which had not ceased to exist.
The salary income for women represented a new family dynamic, in which the supplier was no longer only man, and, the hierarchy. ; To relieve domestic tasks, the Soviet government promoted the creation of schools, nurseries, Kindergarten, as well as public laundries and popular dining rooms.
Alexandra Kollontai, one of the most important revolutionary, wrote: «The‘ separation of marriage kitchen ’is a reform no less important than the separation of the Church and the State, at least in the history of women.".
The woman occupied an important place; In the production of the factories, they were workers, workers, contributed their workforce, from the juncture as Marx understood in […] the production always speaks of production in a certain stage of social development, of the production of individuals in society. (Karl, Marx; 1857; General Introduction to the Critics of Political Economy).
From the beginning of the revolution and until the last days of Gorbachev, the Soviet government had a paternalistic position regarding the issue of women, deciding that it should be released through laws written by men. As Lenin said on November 19, 1918 at the First Congress of Russia’s working woman, “no other republic has been able to emancipate the woman. The Soviet government is helping it ". With this tactic, they managed.
conclusion
Even in the present century we continue in struggle for equal opportunities between men and women. There is still much in the framework of equality, except for the Nordic regions (northern states known as Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), among others they have achieved it; But in Latin America there is much to do, due to the constant increase in femicides, unfair differences in opportunity and rights recognition, for example the current debate in Argentina for the right to abortion.
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