Fall of economic income in Iraq after Kuwait’s invasion
Introduction
The Gulf War was one of the most prominent war conflicts of the second half of the 20th century. Two nations, Iraq and the coalition of 34 countries and their leadership United States faced the United States. Iraq after the defeat against Iran had to face a very high international debt, for reasons of a decline of oil and its economy declined. That is why on August 2, 1990, the invasion of the Iraqis to Kuwait is given.
The sources that will be shown below, will allow to contrast and compare to perform a deep analysis of those causes that extended an economic decline to develop the Iraqi invasion and with it the Persian Gulf War.
- Source 1:
“The war conflict of the Middle East has been known so far with the name of the Gulf War, but to be more exact it should be called Petroleum War, since it all started by an oil litigation between Iraq and Kuwait and it is likely that if you do not It would deal with two oil nations, the matter would not have caused the same world concern. It is worth remembering that Saddam Hussein was responsible for such serious events as the genocide (with poisonous gas) of thousands of men, women and children of Kurdish origin, however this did not cause a reaction of the magnitude that is being seen now ”.
Fragment extracted from a file called "Gulf or oil war", published on January 25, 1991, by Rene Fygueroa a politician from the Savior. (Fygueroa, 1991)
The secondary source shown below, refers to identifying those causes that led to the Persian Gulf War, especially because of the struggle that existed for a resource as important as oil, which generated considerable increases in the economy of both countries.
This statement had its origin in the year of 1991, just in the year in which the "Desert Storm Operation" culminated. The fundamental purpose of the source lies in the search to obtain economic income, and those atrocities caused by Iraqi President Hussein, for leaving an external debt.
This source will serve to discern why the fall of the economy significantly affected the invasion in Kuwait. The limitation of this source is that as it was an article published in 1991, with time the writing or opinion could have been modified and distort your understanding.
- Source 2:
“Yedda, the ancient capital of Saudi Arabia, was yesterday the center of the meeting between Kuwait and Iraq to solve their border differences and the problems derived from oil production. The conference, postponed since last weekend -Kuwait argued ‘technical problems’ -is the result of the mediation of the Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak, who does not want to see two of his brothers faced in a war in a war. The respective number two, Isat Ibrajim, vice president of the Iraqi Revolution Council, and sheikh Saad to Abdalá to Sabaj, heir prince of Kuwait, arrived shortly after noon to that Saudi coastal city, where they interviewed separately with him King Fahd."
Fragment extracted from a newspaper called "El País" entitled "Iraq and Kuwait discuss their differences in Yedda" published on August 1, 1990 in "El Cairo", capital of Egypt. (country., Iraq and Kuwait discuss their differences in Yedda, 1990)
The source shown below is secondary, and shows to the audience the consequences left by the Iraqi armed conflict, those differences and agreements that had to be made between Kuwait and Iraq and the struggle for oil production flow. This statement had its origin on August 1, 1990, issued by a newspaper opinion, which also shows the concern of the Egyptian President about the situation facing two of his "sister countries" faced.
The fundamental purpose of this source is to demonstrate the consequences of this armed conflict and the concern for other external nations, because of that arrogance of Iraqi President. It will also serve to refute and explore the derivations that began the conflict.
The limitation of this source is that despite providing necessary information, this is limited to information content and does not provide enough, for its correct logistics analysis.
Developing
Chapter 1: Origin, background and brief historical review.
The Persian Gulf is an area located in the Middle East, located in the Arabian Peninsula. Its closest countries are Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. The Sovereign State Emirate Arab, Kuwait, at the end of its independence at the time of the Ottoman Empire and after the end of World War I was a territory belonging to the country of Iraq, so after being an independent nation, conflict zones were prolonged and tension between both nations.
Sadam Husein, president of Iraqi, was responsible for the years of war and the crisis situation faced by his country and tried to use other countries to emerge as a nation. This character invaded Iran with the aim of obtaining the absolute sovereignty of oil, after that defeat was not fully satisfied and the invasion of Kuwait was unleashed in the year 90, and in case he achieved his goal he would take ownership of the larger oil reserves in the world.
At the end of the Cold War, Iraq’s war conflict begins against Kuwait. Iraq claimed autonomy in front of this nation, because formerly Iraqi had been territory. After years of war against Iran, Iraq went through a strong economic decline in the postwar period, where he suffered stages of inflation, unemployment and external debt. To be able to overcome and face this economic crisis Iraq needed significant income, however, its oil industries were not in their total boom.
The Iraqi government was dependent on an oil income that was increasingly less and less. In turn, it was not only going through a decline in its oil industry, but also the economy declined, with the 9% decrease in the domestic product, which led to those responsible for Iraqi politicians to create a program that reduced public expenses.
However, the reduction of expenses in a crisis stage was not entirely convenient and that would worsen the situation in the country. That is why what Iraq really needed was to increase the supply of goods to lessen inflation and thus improve the devastations that had been seriously eroded in war time.
Chapter 2: Economic and political causes for the development of the conflict.
Iraq accused Kuwait of having stolen and having taken over his oil and claimed that since 1980 he had been extracting his oil illegally. This fact was not proven and therefore there was no certainty.
The conflict and tension between the two controls were mainly related to oil, however, this was not the only event because behind all this the economic difficulties that were going through the war against Iran were hidden. Sadam Husein, I had the purpose of selling oil for a high price, in order to generate greater budgets and be able to pay the external debt of it that was around 40.000 million dollars with a tax of 3.000 million per year.
On the other hand, other causes extended that made the armed conflict develop. Among them is:
- Political and economic inequality between the governments of Iraq and Kuwait.
- Leader Sadam Husein blames Kuwait for having built military bases in Iraqi territory.
- Oil reserves in Iraq.
- Iraq government accusation to Kuwait for illegal oil extraction since 1980.
Those Hussein economic disputes against the Kuwait government, was mainly established by the illegal activities of oil extraction in the Iraqi territory, in the Ar Ramailch region from 1980. For this and for other reasons, the Iraq government demands Kuwait in order to grant certain actions by the oil well that has been claimed so much and demands in turn a strong compensation for the period that was incurring in that export attack and oil exploitation, which in themselves had managed to be approximately ten years. It is there, when Kuwait responds with negative actions of all those accusations and insinuations of Sadam Hussein and decides to face, there is the greatest cause of the Persian Gulf War.
It should be noted that the ambition and arrogance of the Government of Sadam Husein for obtaining economic income and paying its external debt with Iran, caused the mass destruction of thousands of civilians. Iraq fell on the only option to raise their oil income.
Chapter 3: Desert shield operation and desert storm operation.
The consequences of the Iraqi invasion are still in force in the region. This military operation was carried out on August 2, 1990, at dawn by the Iraqi leader.
For several years, Iraq had been claiming the territory of Kuwait, an Emirate city with large amounts of oil reserves. When the Emirate city had achieved its independence, the first attempt was made in the year of 1961, for the incorporation of Kuwait into the Iraqi state. General Abdul Qasim, who was a military and prime minister of his country during the period from 1958 and 1963, wore without a doubt this incorporation of Kuwait, and had the intentions of making an aggression of the regime, but this was stopped by Britain
The Iraqi government troops managed to approach the border with Kuwait, the president of Egypt, was willing to seek an agreement or commitment to achieve the peaceful arrangement of the situation. Iraq was determined to invade this city regardless of the effects that this would bring. Iraq’s army began carrying out different surveillance strategies, such as espionage, to cover the entire territory without leaving any trace, and without the Kuwaitis finding out about the situation.
After the attacks received in Kuwait that remained in an atrocious disaster, they achieved fortunately that the Kuwaiti president and most of his aerial troops took refuge in Saudi Arabia, who received with strong coupling to his neighboring neighbor.
The Government of Sadam Hussein along with its military troops achieved its goal, ended with more than thousands of civilians and for their part completely left great misery in Kuwait; They had looted food reserves, kidnapped several tourists and took possession of the media, since they had already declared victorious, a provisional government led by Sadam Hussein was installed and finally Iraq incorporated Kuwait.
It happened a year later in January 1991 another war called Desert Storm Operation. While Sadam Hussein enjoyed the victorious triumph that he had achieved together with Kuwait’s annexation with the Iraq borders, the United Nations Organization (UN) knew about the situation that was happening for what decides to create a coalition of 34 nations with The objective of supporting Kuwait militarily, and achieved the complete evacuation of the Iraqis of the Kuwaiti territory.
The UN had established a deadline for the armed troops of the Hussein government to retire completely from the region; This international coalition led by the United States had to obey the UN orders without a doubt, so they had to carry out military attacks, both aerial and terrestrial, all this with the end of Kuwait’s retreat by Iraq.
Chapter 4: Economic effects.
After the UN intervention and the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait, the United Nations Organization warned of some problems that Iraq would go through if Iraq did not evacuate, so they disobeyed and a series of strong sanctions were imposed.
Iraq after the conflict resulted in a great economic decline due. In addition Iraq was obliged to pay approximately 75 billion dollars to cover the damages caused.
Therefore, as a conclusion, it is corroborated that the fall in economic income in full boom of the Hussein government significantly affected his country, to the point of prolonging a war and pointing to the alleged accused of the extraction and theft of such an important appeal As it is, oil. However, it also influenced the ambition of this president who believed to have the power and control of all things, however, at the end of war, this was not convenient for Iraq because all the atrocities he had left in Kuwait made him pay strong external compensation.
conclusion
During this historical research, a deep investigation of the selected sources could be carried out so that in this way any of the validity and reliability granted by the same can be certain. Being this issue a complete armed war was difficult to find stories of people who participated in the war or written documents of the situation that these two nations crossed, so my work was only based on secondary data.
It is important to emphasize that for this work I used the deductive method, with respect to monitoring the structured arguments and ideas and then answering the research question.
Subjectivity in a historian is a characteristic that they cannot take, however, there are occasions in which they influence a historical investigation and the results obtained are distorted, in order to overcome this impediment I have reviewed various sources and made a comparison respectively with Secondary sources, in order to be analyzed without influence from other historians or by the subjectivity that can intervene when knowing history.
Finally, the recognition to historians for their arduous work and attention is valid for each thorough information that they can collect, so that research and arguments are long processes that are rewarded by the new knowledge that is transmitted to human beings and the doubts that are solved to them.
References
- Blospot. (November 28, 2012). Great battles. Obtained from great battles.: http: // gbotd.Blogspot.com/2012/11/war-of-golfo-persisure-1990-1991.HTML
- historical, b. (June 10, 2019). Historical battles. Obtained from historical battles: http: // battleshistoricas.com/c-warrra-of-golfo/war-of-golfo/
- Madriga, a. G. (May 10, 2015). Academy.Edu. Obtained from Academia.Edu: https: // www.academy.edu/16701884/_en_qu%c3%a9_medida_fueron_las_sanciones_econ%c3%b3micos_imposts_por_la_hacia_irak_un_factor_determina_para_su_retirrada_de_kuwait_en_la_guerra_del_golfo_p%c3%c3%
- country., AND. (August 1, 1990). Iraq and Kuwait discuss their differences in Yedda. Iraq and Kuwait discuss their differences in Yedda, p. two.
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