Ethics and morals studied over the centuries
Ethics and morals are behaviors studied for more than a millennium. In the nature of the human being he has always been asking why of behavior and its origin.
Ricoeur, p. (1990, pp. 5-17) In his article "Ethique et Morale" reserves the term ethical to: "The objective of a life carried out under actions considered good" and defines the ethical objective such as: "Look for good laughs with other people in fair institutions". For Ricoeur, ethics is harmony with himself and with everyone. In addition, he mentions that: "Aristotelian heritage or ethics are characterized by its teleological and a Kantian heritage" (Ricoeur, 1990, pp. 5-17).
According to Langlois, L. (2009, P. 12) Ethics refers to the “quality and sum of behaviors and the adoption of new or already practiced habits at work and the search for values in people and move forward as a single society”. In addition to this he mentions that ethics approaches the nature of man positively and considers that he can contribute to the development of an organization, seen from professional ethics.
Legault, et al. (2002, P. 30) cited by Horth, K. (2008, P. 24) defines ethics as: "The emergence of fundamental skills in research and dialogue, criticism and creativity, commitment and autonomy". However, he mentions that ethics definitions differ according to the currents of thought in which they fit. In addition, we have the Aristotelian perspective, described by Blondel (1999, P.135) which mentions: "The task of ethics is the determination of the sovereign good for man, this is, for man, the rational part of his life and his acts performed in a good and virtuous way".
Kropotkine, p. (1921, P. 6) In his latest work “L’ Ethique ”, to which he dedicated his last years and constituted within his career what would be his coronation of the theoretical, philosophical and sociological structure. For the author, morality has three successive stages: “The first, is common in superior humans and animals, is the sociability instinct manifested through mutual help; The second, evolves on the basis of instinct developing feeling of sympathy and the third. 7).
Socrates (470-399) cited by Voyer, R. (2014, P. 7) He gives moral philosophy a dimension that aims to train the individual, states that: "No one voluntarily does evil, evil has its origin in ignorance". For Socrates, morality aims to: "achieve the happiness of the subject, through the base of the virtues that condition our happiness, wisdom, temperance and courage".
Durkheim (1983) cited by Muller, H. (2013, pp. 4-26) In his article “Society, morality and individualism. Emile Durkheim’s moral theory "poses from a point of view that starts from the relativism of moral sociology, that:" Each people relates to the structure of practicing people, and that each social type has morality for it ". It refers, in a nutshell, that society is responsible for developing its morality and the moral conceptions that it possesses, depend on its social evolution. The type of society goes hand in hand with the moral level, according to Durkheim (1983).
Ricoeur, Langlois and Legault’s approaches regarding ethics do not present great differences, among them, the concept that ethics grants a good for itself and others, which gives commitment and autonomy in the situations of the daily life is maintained. Ricoeur, focuses his thinking on which Aristotelian or ethical inheritance is characterized in his teleological "centered doctrine for the ends" and constitutes a Kantian heritage. Langlois states that ethics approaches the nature of man and contributes to his growth in society. And Legault confirms that ethical definitions varied according to the currents of thought in which they fit, but in themselves, they make up a unique principle of man.
Kropotkine, Socrates and Durkheim regarding moral. However, Socrates and Kropotkine have more similarity in their moral approach, because they focus on the individual and how this contributes to society, through the notions that the human being, happiness, wisdom and temperance possess. Durkheim, states that society and morals are related to the structure of people who possess and that is the one that is responsible for developing morality itself. He therefore, he considers that the level of a society will depend on the type of morals he possesses.
Finally, ethics and morals constitute throughout the history of humanity, cultures, societies, individuals, different conceptions according to their lifestyles, but all converge with each other. Although both terms do not have the same meaning, they come from the same root. Ethics gives a good to the individual and society, through the demonstration of consciousness, autonomy and commitment; Moral reflects help and mutual interest in the search for happiness and this varies according to the society where it is. Both have a distinction that each one attributes according to the life experience.
Bibliography
- Blondel, m. (1999). The moral. Paris: Flammarion.
- Durkheim, e. (1983). Les Régles de la Méchode Sociologique. Paris: Flammarion.
- Horth, k. (2008). THE CONCEPTION OF L’ETIQUE DANS LE CADRE DU PROGRAMMEM MINISTRIEL DE FORMATION A L’EGAGNEMENT ET DANS LA PRATIQU. Obtained from https: // archipel.uqam.CA/1172/1/M10361.PDF
- Kropotkine, p. (1921). L ’ethique. Paris: Invisible Les Éditions. Obtained from https: // cras31.INFO/IMG/PDF/KROPOTKINE _-_ L-ETHique.PDF
- Langlois, l. (2009). Anatomie du Leadership Ethique Québec: Pressures University Laval.
- Muller, h. (2013). SOCIETE, MORALE ET INDIVIDUALISME. Théorie Morale d’Emile Durkheim. Openedion Journals, 4-26.
- Ricoeur, p. (1990). Ethique et Morale. Philosophie Portugais Magazine, 5-17.
- Voyer, r. (2014). Unite Histoire of the Philosophie Morale. Ethique, Agents Autonomes, 7.
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