Essay on the book: Science, Method and Philosophy
Mario Bunge makes a presentation in his book Science, its strategy and its reasoning, while the lower creatures are alone on the planet, man strives to understand it and make it more pleasant. In this procedure, he develops a false world: that set of developing thoughts called ‘science’, which can be represented as objective, methodical, correct, obvious and subsequently questionable learning.
Formal science and science
Logic and arithmetic are reasonable, efficient and irrefutable;However, they are not objective, they do not provide us with data on the real world: they simply do not manage realities. Both deal with perfect substances, elements that are unique and deciphered, which only exist in human personality. Scholars and mathematicians are not given study objects: they develop their own articles. The raw material they use is not true, but perfect. Numbers do not exist outside our mind. Reason and arithmetic are called formal sciences, precisely on the basis that its elements are not things or procedures, but rather forms that allow to pour an unlimited disposition of substances, both authentic and observational. That is, we can build correspondences between these structures (or formal elements), from a perspective, and the things and procedures that have a place in any dimension of the real world, in the other. Material science, science, physiology, brain research, financial aspects and different sciencecertainties. These sciences deciphe perfect structures in terms of realities and encounters.
The genuine or experimental importance assigned to formal articles is not a characteristic property of them. In this sense, formal sciences never collide with the real world. This clarifies the enigma that, being formal, is ‘applied’ to the real world. Totally, they have no significant relationship, however, they are used in regular daily life and authentic sciences since they are overlapping the appropriate correspondence rules. Logic and science build contact with reality through the extension of the dialect, both the usual and the logical.
Subsequently we have an incredible first division of science: in the formal (or perfect) and in the true (or material). This first impact considers the article or subject of particular orders;In addition, it represents the distinction in species between the proposed announcements to build formal and real sciences: while formal explanations include connections between signs, the accurate science ads refer (mostly) to additional logical substances, to occasions and procedures. In addition, the division considers the technique by which irrefutable articulations are tested: formal sciences are content with reasoning to demonstrate their hypotheses;Rather, genuine sciences require a perception or potential attempt. Royal sciences must take a look at things and should try to transform them on purpose to try to find, to some extent, their speculations that fit realities.
The parts of arithmetic and rationality are deductive sciences. The useful procedure is limited to the development of the initial stages (maximum). In science, reality includes the rationality of the proclamation given with an arrangement of recently granted thoughts;In this way, numerical truth is not total, but with respect to this framework (a recommendation that is substantial in a hypothesis can cease to be consistently valid in another hypothesis). After all, only the aims (hypothesis) must be valid: the aphorisms themselves can be chosen voluntarily. Intelligent rationality should be considered, that is, not abuse the laws of the rational framework that has consented to use.
In verifiable sciences, it is extraordinary. To start, they do not use null images (legitimate factors), they only decipher images. Second, reasonableness (that is, knowledge with a recently recognized disposition) is important but is not suitable for truthful explanations. Despite the wisdom, the advertisements of the authentic sciences must be evident in the experience;either indirectly (because of general speculation) or specifically (because of the lonely results of theories). Simply after having passed the experimental verification test, I might think that an advertisement is sufficient for its article, which will be valid and all aspects will be considered, until new notice. This is why authentic learning is regularly called exact science.
Lucidity is important, however, it is not adequate in the field of certainty sciences: to recognize that an ad is valid, exact information is required (recommendations on perceptions or research). Finally, no one, except experience, can reveal to us whether a theory is correct or not. This is in the event that the understanding and control of realities are sought, which must be based on understanding. Be that as it may, the experience will not ensure that the theory referred to in reference is the main one: it will simply reveal to us that it is probable that it will be satisfactory (without, in no case, except for the possibility that a more detailed examination can give better results). approaches). Authentic, although judicious learning is basically likely.
Formal sciences exhibit or demonstrate, real sciences confirm. The sample is finished and finally, confirmation is fragmented and in this transitory sense. The specific idea of logical technique maintains the last statement of truthful theories. Although formal hypotheses can be transmitted to an impeccability (or stagnation) condition, hypothetical frameworks that identify with realities are basically inappropriate, thus satisfy the essential condition to be perfectible. Authentic science research can begin to think about the world as endless, and man as an incomplete and endless effort. The distinctions in technique, type of statements and referents between formal and precise sciences prevent them from being analyzed together.
What queues will we focus on verifiable science (common and sociologies in its current state). The most prominent aspects of the type of learning that normal sciences and society are. The sensible information is understood as: a) that is composed of ideas, decisions and thoughts (and not by sensations, images, conduct examples, etc.);b) that these thoughts can be consolidated by some arrangement of legitimate guidelines, in order to offer new thoughts (deductive induction);yc) that these thoughts do not accumulate in a clamorous or only sequential way, however, they are composed of thoughts frames, that is, in arrangements of recommendations requested (speculation). By learning objectives, it is understood: a) that it agrees approximately with its article, that is, that it tries to achieve the precise truth;and b) that confirms the adjustment of thoughts to realities by changing to a trade with realities (perception and test), a trade that is controllable and in a specific reproducible degree. Discernment and objectivity are personally soldiers.
Main features:
- Scientific information is truthful: part of certainties. Try to represent realities as they can, paying little attention to your enthusiastic or business esteem. The real statements affirmed are normally called ‘exact information’: they are obtained with the help of hypothesis and are the gross material of hypothetical elaboration.
- Scientific learning rises above realities: eliminates certainties, offers new realities and clarifies them. Logical research is not limited to the realities observed, but rejects most of the realities considered as a ton of setbacks. The researchers select those who consider significant, control the realities and double them however.
- Science is explanatory: logical research tends to surround problems, one by one, and strives to create everything in components. Logical research tries to see each of them as a circumstance in terms of its parts, strives to find the components that make up each totality and the interconnections that clarify their union.
- Scientific research is particular: a result of the expository way of addressing problems is specialization. Despite the solidarity of the logical strategy, its application is based on the subject. Specialization has not maintained the disposition of interdisciplinary fields, for example, biophysics, brain social sciences, computer science, etc.
- Scientific information is clear and exact: their problems are extraordinary, their results are clear. Common learning, on the other hand, is normally ambiguous and out of base. Logic information seeks accuracy, is never completely free of doubts, however, discover how to improve precision;It is never errors free, but it has a method to discover errors and exploit them.
- Scientific learning is transferable: it is not indescribable, however, it is expressable, it is not private, but it is open. Coherence is a gratitude conceivable to precision and, therefore, is an essential condition for the confirmation of experimental information and logical theories.
- Scientific learning is true: the experience exam. The trial of verifiable speculation is accurate, that is, observational or test. Confirmation strategies advance after some time, however, they generally understand specific results of general theories in tests.
- Scientific learning is necessary: a science is not a total of disconnected data, but it is an arrangement of legitimately associated thoughts.
- Scientific information is general: find lonely certainties in all rules, specific proclamations in general plans. The researcher manages a lonely news, seeing that it is an individual of a class or instance of a law.
- Scientific information is legitimate: seeks laws of nature and society, and applies them. Logical information incorporates solitary realities into general examples called ‘regular laws’ or ‘social laws’.
- Science is logical: try to clarify certainties regarding laws, and laws regarding the norms. Researchers do not accept the point by point representations, they strive to respond why. Science finds recommendations on solitary realities of general laws and derives the laws of increasingly broad explanations (standards
- Scientific information is prophetic: it rises above the mass of experience realities, imagining how the past could have been and how the future could be. The prognosis is, as a matter of first importance, a convincing method to test theories, however, it is also the way to control or even change the course of occasions. The logical forecast depends on the laws and solid data identified with the present or past situation.
- Science is open: it does not perceive the previous obstructions that limit learning. In the event that verifiable information is not refutable at a fundamental level, it still does not have a place with science in any other field. Science needs apparent aphorisms, science is certainly not a dominant and open framework, even if it is questionable and open.
- Science is valuable: since it seeks reality, science is viable to give devices to greatness and malice. The usefulness of science is the result of its objectivity. It depends on professionals to use logical information for common sense purposes, and government officials and business visionaries are in charge of the use of science and innovation to serve humanity.
In summary, science is important as an instrument to tame nature and reform society, it is important in itself, as a key to the knowledge of the world, and is successful in the improvement, discipline and freedom of our psyche.
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