Energy as an aspect of vital importance for society and its economy
Energy is of vital importance for society and its economy, the fact that today can be used to obtain a better quality of life and make daily work is the result of which to scientific[1]. According to Ediger [2], the global energy matrix has been dominated from the Industrial Revolution in 1780 by fossil fuels such as coal and oil. The greatest negative aspect of fossil fuels are the enormous repercussions they have on the environment, in addition to being exhausted from the deposits. Currently, fossil fuels cover 85.5% of the energy needs of society, although this percentage varies according to each country. At present, the use of gas to grow considerably because its carbon dioxide emissions are lower compared to coal and oil.
Carbon dioxide emissions generated during the burning of these fuels is one of the main causes of global heating, therefore, there are regulations that restrict the allowed amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the Earth’s atmosphere, as well as the increase in temperatureWorld [3]. In 2015 in the city of Paris, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CMNUCC) proposed an agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) to the Earth’s Atmosphere, this agreement, known as the Agreementfrom Paris, was signed in 2016 by 174 countries and by the European Union, being the first agreement to offer a legal character to it. This agreement was carried out to ensure that the increase in the global average temperature was not higher than 2 ° C above pre -industrial levels and join efforts so that this figure does not exceed 1.5 ° C abovePre -industrial levels, thus face the threats of climate change [4]. According to Vakulchuk et al. [5], To ensure that the average glogthe year 2050.
The use of renewable energies is vital in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The demand for renewable energies has increased in recent decades and continues to increase as the days progress, however, its use does not yet reach the level sufficient to appreciate a considerable decrease in these emissions [6]. According to Mahjabeen et al. [7], renewable energies have a positive impact on the environment only when it reaches a certain minimum amount in the use of them, in other words, this is an invitation to offer greater participation to these enegies to be able to appreciate a changeconsiderable in the environment. The implementation of this type of energies has a positive impact on the economic development and the quality of life of populations, for example, they provide electrical energy to those the sectors of a country that due to their decantralized character do not have an energy supplyIn this way, an energy transition is encouraged where solar or photovoltaic, wind, mareomotor, waste and biomass are present.
According to Pupo et al. [8], the energy matrix in Colombia has been dominated by the generation of hydroelectric and thermal energy, with an average energy production of 71% and 28%, respectively. Other renewable energy sources, such as wind energy and bioenergy, constitute the remaining 1% of the total annual average energy generation . Currently, El País has only one wind farm, the has an installed capacity of 19.5 MW. The total installed photovoltaic capacity in 2019 is estimated at 17.96 MW with two projects connected to the National Electricity (Celsia Solar Yumbo and Celsia Solar Bolivar).
One way to take advantage of solar energy is through photovoltaic panels, which through photoelectric effect convert this energy into electricity. Photovoltaic panels use the union of a P-type semiconductor. Type N semiconductor has excess electrons because impurities whose atoms are released an electron when forming the link with the semiconductor atoms are introduced in the semiconductor. The P -type semiconductor has electron deficiency, because the impurities that are introduced here do not have the necessary electrons to completely form the link, therefore, this missing electron is provided by the semiconductor in question. When the photons that continue sunlight on this p-n junction, they will provide energy to these free electrons in the N junction, which are weakly united to the atoms of impurity, causing its diffusion from the semiconductor n to the semiconductorP, closing the broken links in the semiconductor P. This diffusion will leave an ionized region in both semiconductors, which, when in contact, generate an electric field and consequently, a potential difference [9].
According to Husain et al. [10], about 80% of solar cells on the planet are manufactured with silicon -based materials, which are classified from their structure as monochristlino silicon and polyristlino silicon. Photovoltaic cells manufactured with monochrystalline silicon are more efficient than polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, this because they have a perfect crystalline structure unlike polyristaline cells, whose molecular structure is less perfect, thus making it difficult to flow. Currently, the use of other materials for the manufacture of solar cells is studied in order to reduce the high costs associated with their manufacturing with conventional materials. One of the most optional materials is Perovskita, which is an abundant organic material in the world, with good electrical properties, high absorption coefficient, and high stability. They are formed by a metallic oxide material, such as Uncle2 or Al2O3 and other organic transport materials. According to Kafka and Miller [11], the use of silicon -made photovoltaic cells began in 1955, working with a 2%efficiency, but thanks to the advances in technology, this efficiency has increased to values between 15 and 22, 5%. The quantity generated electrical energy depends largeof the surface and the weather conditions such as the coverage of the sky and the transmission of the clouds. The efficient collection of this radiation requires a strategy that consists in conveniently guiding solar panels in tune with the solar radiation field. A general rule is to guide the panels to the south, if it is located in the northern hemisphere and at an angle according to the latitude of the site, so that its surface is as perpendicular as possible to the direct beam, which allowsAn efficient collection of direct solar radiation.
According to Nastasi and Di Matteo [12], the useful life of the photovoltaic panels currently manufactured is between 25 and 30 years. During this useful life, the potential for reduction of CO2 emissions in some regions of Europe varies from 12.1 TCO2 / kWP for the location of Norway to 30.7 TCO2 / KWP in the case of Greece in terms of photovoltaic facilities inHousing roofs and from 7.2 to 18.6 TCO2 / KWP in facades facilities for the same places.
Photovoltaic systems are divided into three types: photovoltaic systems connected to the network, isolated from the network and hybrid systems. The isolated photovoltaic systems of the network need an energy storage system to deliver backup energy when there is no solar radiation available. Due to the use of the battery storage system, this system is more expensive and occupies a greater space. Photovoltaic systems connected to the network can only deliver electricity during the day, which is when there is still available solar radiation, when the system cannot deliver energy this is taken from the local electricity grid. The hybrid system can load the energy storage system of both the network and the photovoltaic solar systems [13].
One of the many applications of photovoltaic systems is the drive of air conditioning systems due to its high energy consumption, the total system is mainly formed by the photovoltaic matrix, energy storage system, confluence unit, PWM controllerand air conditioning system. The starting point to dimension the air conditioning system is to perform a thermal load analysis to know the heat that must be removed from a space per unit of time [14].
Lodi et al. [15] claim that the transport sector is one of the sectors with the highest generation of CO2 emissions, photovoltaic energy has been decided to implement in transportation in the means of transport. An example of the technologies that have already been implemented are the photovoltaic roofs that provide the necessary electrical energy to load and support the low voltage battery of conventional vehicles propelled by internal combustion engines, thus decreasing the mechanical load of the engine toCause of the use of the alternator. According to Rodriguez et al. [16], there are also airplanes such as the UAV Solong and the solar impulse, which flew at night in the years 2005 and 2010, respectively, using only and exclusively solar energy. The Impulse solar plane has crossed the entire territory of the United States and has also achieved many records in terms of resistance and distances traveled
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