Disability and non -discrimination in society
Disability is a general term that covers the deficiencies, the limitations of the activity and the restrictions of participation, the deficiencies are problems that affect a structure or body function;The limitations of the activity are difficulties in executing actions or tasks, and the restrictions of participation are problems to participate in vital situations.
Therefore, disability is a complex phenomenon that reflects an interaction between the characteristics of the human organism and the characteristics of the society in which it lives.
The concept of disability has undergone major changes throughout history. In recent years, we have seen how a paternalistic and welfare perspective of disability has been abandonWith skills, resources and potentialities, this evolution has been accompanied by parallel advances both in medical treatment and social insertion.
At present it is possible to find concurrence of different perspectives and disability approaches in each country. This is due not only to different cultures, but also to the different levels of commitment of entities, citizens and governments to create accessible environments and to guarantee insertion.
Types of disabilities
Physical or motor disability: It consists of lack, deterioration or functional alteration of one or more parts of the body, and that causes immobility or decrease in mobility, such as spine bifid, post-political syndrome, lack of some part of the body and people ofLow size.
Sensory disability: It is divided into hearing impairment and visual disability.
Auditory disability: It consists of the deterioration or lack of the sensory function of hearing (partial or total deafness, difficulties in speaking).
According to WHO, hearing loss implies a capacity equal to or less than 25 dB in both ears can affect one or both ears and implies difficulties in hearing a strong conversation and sounds, 360 million worldwide has hearing impairment of which 32 millionThey are children, almost half of the people with hearing impairment are between 35 and 64 years.
Visual disability: It consists of the deterioration or lack of the sensory function of see (decreased vision, blindness).
Factors that originate disability
The causes that can cause disability are very numerous, such as:
Prenatal factors, where mother’s diseases and all those processes that take place during pregnancy and that affect the morphogenesis of the fetus, such as infections, toxic agents (alcohol, drugs, tobacco, etc.), physical agents (radiation, trauma, etc.), prematurity, blood incompatibility, genetic disorders, etc.
Perinatal factors, produced around birth, during pregnancy, childbirth and prenatal period such as anoxia, fetal suffering, obstetric trauma (inappropriate use of forceps), previous placenta, etc.
These two factors, perinatal and prenatal, give rise to what we call congenital or birth causes, as with Down syndrome or agenesis of members of the body. These difficulties around the birth can occur in both the mother and the baby (arterial hypertension in the mother (toxemia), abnormalities of the uterus, prematurity, hemorrhages, trauma and infections of the baby that can damage the nervous system and produce serious disabilities.
Postnatal factors, where disabilities caused by diseases of different types caused by infections, poor nutrition, poisoning, immune system alterations, etc., as well as the skull -ncephalic or other trauma, accidents, mainly those of work activity, leisure and traffic.
Normal aging process factor, cause of disability when limitations of age appear that can become disabled, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
There are a number of factors that lead to having a greater risk of having disabilities, such as deficient living conditions, malnutrition, precarious housing, lack of health services, severe unhealthiness conditions in the environment in which one lives, inaccessibility to the services ofBasic health, etc.
International Day of People with Disabilities
December 3 is the International Day of people with disabilities was declared in 1992 by the United Nations General Assembly through a resolution, the objective is to promote the rights and well -being of people with disabilities in all areas of societyand development, as well as raise awareness about its situation in all aspects of political, social, economic and cultural life. 1000 million people live with some type of disability according to the UN.
People with disabilities cease to be seen as protection objects to be treated as subjects of rights and obligations.
It is currently needed:
- Inclusion
- Nondiscrimination.
- Accessibility
- Stake.
- Autonomy
- Equality
- No institutionality
- Independence
Differences between inclusion, exclusion, segregation and integration
The conclusions of the groups led to describe some very significant aspects about this terminology and to elaborate some definitions:
- The term inclusion is associated with quality relationships, is linked to emotions, affectivity and is related to people’s ability to accept the other and live in harmony accepting differences.
- The term segregation is the struggle of groups, the impoisition of the one that has no. It is the mastery of a social sector over others that will hardly have options to impose or change their status. It is the classification in well -differentiated segments where the roles cannot transfer the borders of what the dominant group decides.
- Exclusion goes beyond segregation, there is not even classification, only differences that prevent a minimum of social cohesion. The excluded cannot find similarities in their peers, they are only that, people outside the system without rights and with no obligations, except those imposed by citizenship, if there are citizens.
- Integration is a hoax. The different one can never be one more, society marginalizes them, puts mosquadillas while it gives pallowed soft to cover the file or minimal quota of goodness.
- The term equity goes beyond these concepts;It is the action, the demonstration of feeling your peers nearby, considering the inclusive principles as a standard, is to create exchange spaces where all are treated according to their abilities and needs. We talk about empathy and resilience, of natural justice, of rights and duties agreed and accepted.
Disability is a human reality that has been perceived differently in different historical periods and civilizations. The vision that was given throughout the twentieth century was related to a physical condition considered as deteriorated with respect to the general standard of an individual or his group. The term, which refers to individual functioning and includes physical disability, sensory disability, cognitive disability, intellectual disability, mental illness and various types of chronic diseases.
The vision based on human rights or social models introduces the study of the interaction between a person with disabilities and their environment;Mainly the role of a society is to define, cause or maintain disability within said society, including attitudes or accessibility norms that favor a majority in a minority.
It is also said that a person with a physical or mental disability has a limited basic intellectual function with respect to the average or completely annulled.
The evolution of society has been improving since the 1980s and social models of disability that add new appreciations to the term have been developed, it is distinguished between a person with disabilities as soon as they have a diminished skill being objectively lower and a person with different abilitiesof the normal ones and that although it does not represent any advantage or inconvenience often it is often considered a problem due to the attitude of society or the fact that the standards are based on medium characteristics.
These attitude changes have enabled changes in the understanding of certain physical characteristics that were previously considered as disabilities. In the 1960s, for example, left -handed people were seen as people with an anomaly, being forced to write with their right hand, and even sometimes they were even punished if they did not. In the 1980s this quality is accepted as a physical characteristic. If certain tools, such as scissors or corkscrew are created for right -handed people, a left -handed person will perceive himself as a person with disabilities, since he is unable to perform certain actions and needs help from other people, losing their autonomy.
In today’s society there is a tendency to adapt the environment and public spaces to the needs of people with disabilities, in order to avoid social exclusion, since a disability is perceived as such, while the person is unable to interact byitself with its own environment, society must have the capacity to include a single set understanding each one and accepting them as they are.
References
- AICHER, OTL;Krampen, Martin. "Signs systems in visual communication". Gustavo Gili, S.A. Barcelona, Spain.1979. 1st edition.
- ANDI – News Agency Dos Airitos Da Childhood and Banco de Brazil Foundation.
- C. Cáceres. About the concept of disability. A review of WHO proposals. [online]. Auditio: Electronic Audiology Magazine. November 1, 2004, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 74-77.
- INSERSO (1986). International classification of deficiencies, disabilities and disabilities. Madrid: INSERSO. (Orig. 1983).
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