Civilizations transformed by man
Introduction
Within the first urban civilizations they evolve from four periods, which these periods evolved due to three phases that intervened in the economic area, radical and revolutionary innovations which led to the great societies to maintain and increase its population. These periods are;The Paleolithic from its origins to 10,000 to.c. Then Mesolithic and Neolithic. There was a period in which the first urban civilizations were established or rather the earliest civilizations.
This was at the Bronze Age from 3,500-3,000 to.c. Which lasted around 2,000 years. These seven early civilizations that we know the place and the moment that arose thanks to the archaeological ones are: in the South Mesopotamia, Egypt in the Indo Valley, Río Amarillo in China, in the Valley of Mexico, in the Junglas of Guatemala and Honduras andOn the coast of Altipanos de Peru. Which these emerged at different times. The first three civilizations are considered dead cultures and gave rise to the appearance of Western culture were: Mesopotamia, Egypt and India.
Developing
American civilizations that are dead cultures due to destruction by the Spanish colonizers of 1519-1533. Which are Mexican, Peruvian, Central American. At that time, metal technology is to the point of discovering for its development as civilization. A culture that has predominated since the ancient times of the Yellow River Basin until the twentieth century has been China. Who has fascinated for its constant endurability and urban civilization has been introduced to Japan for agricultural settlements.
In Australia and North America urban culture has been imposed on primitive cultures. And there are still societies that have not advanced in the urban field beyond the Paleolithic period. Not in all places on the planet urban culture has developed equally or in similar times. Because agriculture is an important requirement for the emergence of urban settlements. These first settlements arose a million years ago by creatures in human form and range from England to China and Germany to the transversal.
Which this indicates that these creatures called Homo Sapiens made the first settlements. The man from its inception to the Neolithic has been a creature that has evolved its way of subsist, first with roots and nuts to feed on the meat of animals and fish. This constantly moved since it was a creature that mobilized by food. There has that constant mobilization did not have a refuge of permanence, already in 140.000 a.c. That temporarily obtained what are the caves.
And these are the first homes. It was temporarily since due to food they moved from one place to another. This period has for the form of food collection Morgan called the wild period. Since the way of subsist was limited and constant changes due to geographical climate and location and food production of the same geographical location. Time later between 8.000-10.000 a.c. Man begins to make his own crop production and cattle raising.
It begins to produce its food and this makes it sedentary when producing its food doing this that social unit grows faster marginally. Being settled this creates its first settlements no more than rudimentary huts was a village society, which Morgan calls it a barbarian period. Which made it finally lead to urban civilization was the climatic changes that took place in the last glacial period that was approximately 7.000.a.c.
What did transformations in the forests of Europe, in the prairies of southern Mediterranean and Near East. This climate change caused man actively exploiting the organic world. Cattle raising and plant cultivation helped to take the first step to depend on the environment. The first favorable conditions for the agricultural revolution first occurred in the south and east of the Mediterranean an area called a fertile growing. In Mesopotamia the settlement begins in the small oasis of steppes and plateaus.
Even having drought threat. Because of that there was not so much need to dominate the earth because of it. Neolithic settlers have been discovered from settlements in the places of Egyptians of Farayum west of the Nile Valley on the banks of a lake and were firmly settled to the first half of the Millennium Millennium. Most of the main technology innovations in antiquity occurred within the limited area of the Eastern Eastern Eastern East of the Mediterranean. In the Bronze Age.
It is the next period after the Neolithic and this is where the settlements spend the first cities. Gideon Sjberg defines this as: a community of considerable magnitude and high population density that houses is a wide variety of individuals specialized in a non -agricultural task, including among them an hidden elite for the urban revolution, we see several requirements: partof a population produces and stores food and other raw materials. The existence of a form of writing.
To establish a permanent type of productive registration. And it is not possible if in the development of some sciences such as: mathematics, astronomy, etc. A social organization that guarantees that the work of performing in an orderly manner. A technology capacity that provides the necessary means of transport for the mobilization of raw materials and contribution significant improvements to the nature and quality of utensils. The urban revolution took place during the fourth millennium.
Take up all the necessary requirements for this until today, such as new knowledge of mathematics, exact astronomical observations, cereal crops, candle boat, metallurgy, calendar, writing. All these emerged at the same time. The main requirement for the urban revolution was is the production of a wide variety of food and this was possible in the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river. In Mesopotamia, its structure also increased in size.
When there are thousands of inhabitants and different religions, it changes many things such as religion, political, military classes, technology progresses and commerce. The settlements in the alluvial lands are not known exactly when it was. What we do know is that alluvial soils are excellent for agriculture. But unproductive or scarce resources for construction since there are no rocks or wood only that of the palms. His first settlers were from A Ubaid who were in an islet on the Euphrates River.
And more or less these were known at the end of the Millennium Quito. In 2, 750.a.C. The city of pleasure near Babylon its first urban settlements were cities of autonomous states or at least most of them. Among these cities there were constant wars which comes to light the city of UR completely takes control of the Sumerian empire in the third dynasty and makes it a great empire. This was among what is today the northern end of the Persian and Baghdad Gulf. In posterior urban history.
And in archaic Mesopotamia is formed what the Tells were of pre -cribs. These are mounds of earth forming by man. These were formed by the characteristic materials of the place that was the bricks of land dried to the sun, these constructions were not lasting over time. These constructions declined and destroyed and on top of them the helmet were level and new constructions were created and so on, so this was what formed the Tells or Mounds. That were constructions on top of another that had already been destroyed by time.
The city of Ur of the Sumerian civilization was a walled city all around it irregular oval of 1200m long and 800m of width and 8m high. This was a city built on top of previous ruins. It was a city surrounded by water rivers to the west euphrates and north and it sailed. This city was lifted by a 23 m platform of thick also its great wall. This city had a sacred ellimen or enclosure that was partly northwest of the city and occupied most of this.
Within the walls, the city was of homes built in two -story adobe in the first level of cooked brick and the second of Adobe which hid it with plaster or lime, it was 13 to 14 rooms, around a paved inner courtyardFor better enlightenment in spaces and better air circulation and making a fresher home naturally, without doubt sophisticated middle class housing. For researchers, one of them Woolley was totally a surprise for the sophistication of the city.
That establishes that they had inherited the organization of highly organized ancient civilizations. This type of interior patio housing responds properly to that type of dry warm climate in which the housing for the moisture of the trees in the patio or water sources in it. This type of housing was applied in Mesopotamia, Egypt, in the Valley, then Greece and part of Rome in cities of this type of weather. The type of housing distribution in the city was no longer considered as a primitive village.
Rather, its distribution exceeded what this the housing distribution complied with civilization standards, but it did not have or did not adjust to an urban planning system. It was as grouped in paths This is the result of an evolutionary distribution process. To this type of distribution evolution that exceeds primitive villages, but without any urban planning is what is called organic growth. This occurs when a civilization grows in an organized and natural way without urban planning.
Through the evolution of urban civilizations it has grown very quickly. Organic growth goes by two tendencies, one that in which humanity has widen in terms of territory over time and another that is based on a predetermined planning method that has made only a small number of cities. Organic growth throughout history has produced cities that have arisen by the decision to build in one place and this has given urban landscapes of different nuances.
The typical housing aggregation of the city of US describes organic growth and that the structure of its organization comes from how a simple rectilinear reticle template. Jericho and Catal Huyuk are civilizations that emerged and initially in Mesopotamia, Jericho was a densely urbanized settlement equipped with powerful walls when reaching its maximum size and he assumed full urban nature, however Wheeller in Civilisations of the Indus Valley and Glyn Daniel,They explain that urban civilization is a little more than the civilization of Jericho has achieved.
Plus the civilization of Catal Huyuk more approximate to this condition. However, these two civilizations could not be considered as pro-urban settlements are simply great villages that grew uncontrollably. Jerusalem has a long urban history its first settlement occupied an area of more than 4 hectares and that was surrounded by a wall in 1800 to.c. The same alignment of this fortification is the same as David would follow in 996 to.c. and his son Solomon in whom he was the founder of Jerusalem.
conclusion
This built the first temple on a large artificial terrace north of the old urban nucleus. This temple thus also disappeared some constructions of this then what I have left were the condensation walls of this temple and the great platform.After Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 587 to.C The king and thousands of his were banished to Babylon and from 680 to.c. This became a structured city according to a grid and I am divided is two by the Euphrates River.
Through stones embankment whose course was for a permanent bridge.However, the largest of the Sumerian cities was Uruk that was 100 kilometer river above. This city extended from 500 hectare within the fortified walls that surrounded it, this was a double wall that every 10 kilometer was reinforced by a thousand semicircular bastions.
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