Avian influenza infection
Introduction
Aviar influenza is a zoonosis, this means that it will mainly affect animals, but it can also be transmitted to humans. 78% of emerging and re -emerging diseases are represented by zoonotic diseases . The AI is mostly detected in domestic birds, who carry the virus in their respiratory or intestinal system. We must also add that birds do not contract this disease, if not rather work as virus reservoirs. This disease has been registered around the world.
But it can prevail for a longer time in specific areas depending on the virus strain. The influenza is produced by type A, B and C viruses, being B and C unique diseases of man, while the type A influenza virus, belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, manages to affect a wide variety of species, and it is in thisLast that is the Avian influenza virus, which is considered the most important influenza virus also due to its high capacity to cause periodic epidemic outbreaks or pandemics .
Developing
The objective of this essay is to make known more about this disease, both its types and species that affect, as well as its origin, conditions that favor it and the corresponding prevention measures. It is very important to be informed about these issues, as well as spread this information with the greatest possible range, since it is considered an important disease, and is even part of the list of health code diseases for terrestrial animals of the World Organization ofAnimal health. This virus can greatly affect a population.
Not only because it is a disease that can be transmitted to man, but also that can affect large poultry companies either in the production of meat, egg or double function, since these domestic birds live and coexist day by day in spaces in spaces inShared and the transmission between them is very easy, as well as that the virus they have contracted is highly pathogen and this has great consequences how the death of millions of chickens that would represent a great loss for the company can be. In Mexico the consumption of chicken meat occupies a percentage of 49.5% distributed with beef 31.6% and 18.9% pig.
It means that there is greater demand towards chicken meat, so there are several companies that handle this market and they must also be informed of the problems they can face day by day and prevent them following the corresponding measures. Aviar influenza is classified first in two, it can be highly pathogenic (IAAP) or little pathogenic (IABP), this classification depends on the ability to produce serious clinical signs in case it is highly pathogenic and minor or almost null clinical signs if theclassification is low pathogenicity.
The classification also depends on the mortality rate caused by the virus . This virus is structurally made up of two proteins and that in the type virus they are very important given that the virus in the strain can vary for them. These proteins are hemagglutinine (H) and neuroaminidase (N) and depending on their variation are classified into different subtypes, since there are 16 subtypes of hemaglutinine (H1-H16) and 9 subtypes of neuroaminidase (N1-N9).
It was since 1959 that the IAAP began to register, until 2003 where only 26 presence reports have been found, where the majority were data in limited cases to a country, region and even a single farm. Aviar influenza became known since 1878 as a disease, but it was only until 1997 that it was considered a zoonosis, this label is very important since it implies that in the transmission of birds to humans more complex factors intervene more complex than a common diseaseand so investigations will be carried out to identify these factors and give them a corresponding control.
Since 2003 to the present, the numbers of cases where AI have been submitted perennially both in the number of countries and in cases of people affected by the lethal virus. Throughout the twentieth century, 3 influenza pandemics have been reported causing millions of deaths, more information adheres that in the last two reports of pandemics the infectious agent was a chimeric virus, and in their genes of the same they were found both human and human strainsavian.
However, it is important to mention that the outbreaks caused by the IAAP have been sporadic, 17 cases from 1959 to 1997, and 12 of these are presented only in chickens. There is an analysis of how this virus has evolved from the first appearances, speaking of its behavior and the clinical signs that cause. More information adheres that in the last two reports of pandemics the infectious agent was a chimeric virus, and in his genes of the same they were found both human and aviar strains.
It is important to mention that the outbreaks caused by the IAAP have been sporadic, 17 cases from 1959 to 1997, and 12 of these are presented only in chickens. It was in March 2013, China, where the first infections were detected by a new Avian influenza virus (H7N9), this virus was reported and detected mainly in poultry and many of the people (77%) that contracted the virus livedIn direct contact with poultry, so it can be concluded that the first affected were people with direct contact with this species and who subsequently spread the virus .
This virus has different characteristics to others because it has the ability to reproduce in eggs, unusual feature for avian influenza viruses. Biosafety are the sanitary measures that to use to prevent the introduction of any element that is generating some disease, so it is very important that large companies meet the requirements that make up this biosecurity. The sanitary measures will be divided into external and internal ones where the external ones occur in all those facilities properly of the company.
Either offices, laboratories, warehouses, workshops, trail, etc.With animals, including the farm where they are established, vehicles that are in motion in it must follow a disinfection procedure upon entering and exit, one more method to prevent an infection is vaccination against the virus, from which it is expected to reducethe susceptibility to infection and the amount of viruses found in the environment after the application of this. It is important to emphasize that this prevention method is always with the aim of preventing an infection, however this does not mean that it will prevent it 100% after the vaccine.
Against influenza avian the vaccines used will also serve as a method of control and eradication.By having suspicions or the presence of the virus it is very important to identify it as soon as possible to be able to take the corresponding specific measures with the objective of reducing the dissemination of it, before it spreads. To initiate the infection and spread of the virus successfully in a host the first thing that happens is the union of hemaglutinine with surface receptors in the host cell. When these IA receptors are already in the organs, it is very likely that the infection has already been successful.
Aviar influenza has always existed in evolving in mainly water birds and is presented with low pathogenicity, it is not so until it is transmitted to poultry that this virus evolves to an avian influenza of high pathogenicity. This transmission is given by means of water, where aquatic birds excrete the virus and this can remain in it for long periods. However, it is important to emphasize that there have been no cases that relate the transmission of the virus to man through bathrooms in contaminated waters.
According to recent investigations, it has been announced that aquatic birds are those that work mostly as an IAAP reservoir, mostly domestic ducks. They can or may not present clinical signs and thus begin to spread it in their surroundings. The infection of AI to humans can be seen more frequently after the person was in direct contact with an infected bird, this is how this transmission is given so that later the virus pass from human to human. Speaking in the industrial sector we can find many times with unconscious people who do not follow the corresponding sanitary measures.
This results in an Ave-human virus infection because these people travel directly in the area where animals are found without following health measures, an activity that should not be done since the places where birds live are considered as areasdirty. The Avian influenza virus has had a great negative impact for the industrial and public health sector both in Asia, Africa and Europe, causing millions of losses, so it is of great importance to take preventive measures against this virus.
Since if so, the generation of AI can have serious consequences mainly in the industrial sector since it can lead to the destruction and sacrifice of a large number of animals with the aim of eradicating the virus in the area. This method that leads to great economic losses as well as as a product waste for human consumption, since many times this eradication method includes the sacrifice of birds that could be infected with the virus with the intention of preventing the regeneration of it andas is such that the waste of completely healthy birds occurs.
conclusion
Other ways to prevent these great losses for the industrial sector and the public health sector is to use vaccines, a more prevention method against influenza virus. Similarly, having a vigilance system, both passive, where it is possible. And active surveillance through serology on samples extracted from populations that are at risk.
Consider a better check in companies that handle a high number of animals, since it is better to identify the symptoms from the beginning, thus preventing the virus from spreading in large quantities being able to infect multiple animals and force the industry to take extermination measures. That is why they must always be prevented and have a constant use of the vaccine every certain time that is necessary.It is also important to follow the sanitary measures corresponding to the environment, always respecting the hygiene that is required to avoid the propagation of the virus.
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