Appointment And Accreditation Of An Ambassador To The Government

Appointment and accreditation of an ambassador to the Government

Introduction

Diplomacy constitutes the means par excellence through which states relate to each other. This approach is aimed at maintaining peace and world security, promoting communication between them in order to avoid war and eliminate controversies that endanger world order. For this, states have a diplomatic corps that help them carry out the objectives or goals already set.

The ambassador is the maximum diplomatic representative of one country in front of another country or an international organization. The main functions of an ambassador is to represent the interests of his nation abroad. It is responsible for negotiating, protecting, treating and establishing friendly links and relationships between states, in order to promote the economic, scientific and cultural growth of your country.

The establishment of diplomatic relations between states begins with the sending of the ambassador and through a legal act of internal competence of each State, and it is recognized by international regulations. This legal act or ceremonial protocol means the beginning or continuation of diplomatic activity. This research work aims to establish the diplomatic designation procedure until once established or functioning.

The same aims to determine and explain the process of designation, acceptance and accreditation of the ambassador, supporting us bibliographically in the contemporary diplomacy manual: theory and practice, by Manuel Morales Lama (1996).

The diplomatic function

The diplomatic function is the entire process that is prepared since it is assigned or sent to a diplomatic agent until its mission ends. This issue is of the utmost importance since it shows us in detail the entire process for the designation and accreditation of an ambassador, which is very necessary to have the knowledge of this since in the area that we will handle this information is relevant.

Diplomatic agent shipping

When the decision is made to send a diplomatic agent to another country, it is because related countries have been in accordance with that decision. It is good to clarify that the fact that countries have established diplomatic relations does not mean to be mandatory to send a mission chief, since diplomatic relations do not determine that the exchange of permanent diplomatic missions is necessary, this is based on the fact that theMission right is optional in that regard.

Application request

For an ambassador to be elected, it depends exclusively on the state decision that will designate it, but this must also have the approval of the State that will be a receiver in this case, and this is done before the designation of the same.

The approval (Plácet or Agrament), is made in the form of a request, where it is a protocol formality where the decision about the selected ambassador is indicated. The procedure is as follows:

The country’s government that the ambassador sends confidentially asks and another if the person chosen to represent him would be well received in his country.

This request has been made by habit of verbally, for others to give a courtesy character they present or deliver in writing the biographical data of the candidate, such as the resume of the same, collaborating or indicating that a proper investigation was carried out, whichIt is how it is done as a usual Menara, but there are foreign ministers that the entire procedure of this request requires it in writing.

The states can carry out this process or this procedure through their mission in the state where the candidate is going to be accredited, or also through the mission of that country in theirs. The answer will be given by the same route that was used, that is, by the same route that was used to order.

For the designation of an ambassador, the response to the request of the approval must be expected so that once this can be obtained. In the Dominican Republic, the approval of the Senate of the Republic is required for designation. After thirty days of the request for an approval without receiving response, the application can be considered implicitly.

All those governments that receive an application from the approval, have and are in every right to deny it and without the need to offer any explanation of the decision taken, this is as established in the Vienna agreement on diplomatic relations of 1961, in theirArt. 4 paragraph 2.

In the same way at the Havana Convention of 1928, in Art. 8, which deals with diplomatic officials. Indicating that it is advisable that each candidate who wants to submit at the request of the approval, in his career of life there is no questionable behavior, so that he does not motivate another government to consider that the head of Mission is not well received in hiscountry.

Period between the designation and departure of the ambassador

In the period between the designation and departure of the new head of Mission, the Foreign Ministry must proceed to grant it or provide it with the corresponding documents of the trip and credential letters, in addition to the sum that is assigned to per diem (travel expenses).

Then, the Head of State (the President) as the Chancellor, separately, will indicate to the ambassador the instructions, where to carry out these they are requested through the Protocol Directorate. There are also the farewell audiences that are part of other interviews that are conducted, which are held with the managers or directors of state institutions whose functions are related to the diplomatic work, such as foreign trade, tourism …, among others.

Also depending on the country who was designated must receive training that is taught by the same Foreign Ministry and the designations indicated by the training program.

Then and as the last step the already designated ambassador must visit the country’s mission chief who was designated, he can invite him either to a farewell dinner.

Obligations of the newly appointed

Of the first tasks that the newly appointed ambassador must have, it is to investigate the recipient country to which history, geography, its economy, its foreign policy, its institutions, etc.

It is important to update their concepts on diplomacy, theory of international relations, immigration law, economy and international trade, also of international negotiations, and other issues related to the exercise of their functions. In case of not mastering the language of the receiving country, you must take intensive classes, it is a very appreciated courtesy to be able to express itself in the language of the country that welcomes it as head of Mission, even more, it is impossible to make acceptable diplomatic management without knowledge without knowledge withoutof the language of the country in which it is served.

It must also be updated especially relative to bilateral relations between your country and the receiving state. An important part are agreements and treated between countries, you must investigate pending matters, to give it due monitoring. Similarly, the exchange of correspondence between its next mission and the Foreign Ministry must carefully analyze, at the same time you must study the laws that are related to its mission, the Organic Law of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, its Regulations and the Diplomatic Ceremonial Law. Make plans to promote economic, commercial, cultural relations that exist between both nations. Have an agenda of possible jobs or visits to once arrive in the country, that are of great importance for and of sum priority.

Ambassador accreditation

The credential letters and the retirement letter from their predecessor are the documents presented to the Head of State at the so -called Solemn Hearing, which will be the indispensable requirement for the accreditation of the designated ambassador.

The credential letters, the representative nature of the diplomat consists, the confidence in its capacity is expressed, the mission and the amplitude of its faculties are detailed, they are the official document through which the Head of State presents the extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador to the Extraordinary Ambassador, at the same time, at the same timethat faith and credit is requested to the activities that he undertakes, in the name of his government.

The copy of this document is called a copy of style, which is delivered to the Chancellor of the Receiving State in the so -called previous visit that precedes the Solemn Hearing for the delivery of credentials.

Accreditation of officials not mission chiefs of the diplomatic headquarters

The Mission Chief is responsible for sending the Receiving State Chancellery, a note where the following will communicate:

1. The appointment of the staff of the diplomatic mission personnel, as well as the date of arrival and exit, at the end of their mission. Diplomatic personnel members are understood. Administrative and technical staff members are understood.
2. The Mission Chief must also communicate the definitive arrival and departure of domestic employees of the diplomatic officials of the mission.
3. The Chief of Mission has the duty to return, at the end of functions of his subordinates, the credential provided by the Directorate of Protocol of the Receiving State to the members of the diplomatic, administrative and auxiliary personnel of the diplomatic missions, as well as their respectiveconjugues, to children from 7 to 21 years, to the single daughters who lived with the officials and mothers of the officials (widows or divorced).

 

Ambassador arrival notice

The Country Foreign Ministry will notify the person who is provisionally at the embassy, by the most expedited environment, all the details of the arrival of the new head of Mission, such as the means of transport, in all cases the flight, the flight,time, date, those who accompany him, and minor details, as if he likes coffee or tea. This proceeds to communicate the good news to the Foreign Ministry of the Receiving Country, so that they take the steps that follow.

To pick up the new Mission Chief, the Director of Protocol, the director of the representative’s country department and the staff of his own diplomatic mission must go to receive him.

First Ambassador activities

The ambassador has been appointed to make certain proceedings that will be useful for a better development and fulfillment of their functions. These proceedings will help the ambassador to become familiar with the country to serve:

1. Request the study of the rules that govern the delivery of credentials in the receiving country (diplomatic ceremonial).
2. Interview with the Director of Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and with the Head of State to request verbal or written instructions that may be of interest and help.
3. Meetings with officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of said, to inform yourself about relevant aspects of the relations between your country and the one where your functions will fulfill.
4. Visits to EX – Ambassadors in the country that has been accredited, as well as other national diplomatic agents who have served to that country.
5. Interview with the country’s ambassador to whom he will be directed or has been accredited, to which he will pronounce the pleasure of his appointment. This hearing will be characterized by its brevity and cordiality between the parties and in it the following aspects are met:

• Delivery to the chancellor of the credential letters and the copy of the retirement letter from his predecessor.
• Only in case the ceremonial of that country contemplates the pronouncement of speeches in the ceremony of credentials, deliver to the minister a copy of the discourse that is proposed to expose in that solemn act.
• Note addressed to the Head of State asking that he will receive it at a solemn audience, for the delivery of his credentials.
• In what corresponds to the duration of the hearing, the Chancellor will end up terminating it as a host either standing or making a gesture that indicates it.

 

Presentation of credentials

Credential letters are official documents that prove an ambassador as a representative and diplomatic authority of a country. The presentation of credential letters constitutes one of the most solemn acts of diplomatic life. The delivery of credential letters takes place during a formal ceremony that will be completely governed by the formal protocol, because each country has its regulations for official credential letters audiences.

However, according to Leonardo Hernández there are several common elements in all ceremonies of delivery of credentials, then they will be exposed:

• The national ceremonial or protocol director will move to the ambassador to his residence, who will be escorted in official cars (or horse -thrown floats).
• The ambassador will first go up to the official car or the float and correspond to the main seat, which is the one that is placed to the right: and to his left the introducer of ambassadors will sit and the front or front seat the protocol or edecán director. Once arrived at the Palace, the protocol director and the instructor will go down first, followed by the ambassador.
• The Embassy Diplomatic Personnel must accompany their Mission Chief. The necessary cars will be added for the transfer of the personnel, in that case the car that moves to the ambassador will be last in the caravan, on the return it will be the first.
• Upon arriving at the palace, there will be formed troops to give them the honors of place. The national anthem of the receiving country must be executed, the ambassador as its companions must remain in front of the flag.
• The ambassador will be taken to the presence of the head of state by the Ambassadors introducer. Upon entering the room, and the Solemn Act: The Ambassador (only if the ceremonial regulation of that country establishes it) will make a reverence from the entrance, another in the middle of the room, and another already a few steps from the head of state. The introducer will always remain to the left of the ambassador, while the diplomatic personnel who accompany him will follow the steps, observing the hierarchical order that corresponds to each one.
• The ambassador will make the last reverence, remaining standing will read his speech of presentation of credentials (only if protocol establishes it). At the end, he will move towards the Head of State and will deliver the credentials, but will return immediately to the place where he was, without turning his back on the Head of State, to hear the response discourse (if the protocol establishes it).
• The Head of State will give the credential letters to his Minister of External Relationship (if established by the protocol), and will read his speech. Once this is finished, the ambassador will correspond, immediately afterwards, submit to the personnel that accompanies him (upon request for authorization to do so).
• A brief conversation between the head of state and the ambassador will then take place. In chief of state he will invite the ambassador to sit on his right to establish conversation. After concluding the brief conversation, the Foreign Minister will present to the ambassador, the vice minister present.
• At the time of the farewell, the ambassador must make the same number of reverences as entering (if the protocol regulation so establishes).
• At the exit of the Palace, the troop will render the so -called style honors to the ambassador, at the end of which the presidential band will sing the notes of the Hymn of the Nation of the Ambassador.
• Once the ceremony is completed in the palace, the delegation will undertake the return to the ambassador’s residence in the following order: the first car will be from the ambassador, which will be followed by those who proceeded to arrive at the arrival.
• The ambassador may invite the delegation to a toast, to which he can add their nationals and others related.

 

Notification to your government

With the presentation of credential letters the ambassador is recognized as a pleasant person by the country’s authorities as representative of the country that accredits him. This must be communicated by the ambassador to his government through a means of communication, either via fax, email or cable communication, which must later be extended by a report with the details of the ceremony already held. The first impressions must be communicated, as well as the courtesy words that were pronounced by the Head of State, and as an annex copies of the speeches pronounced are usually presented, in the event that it was and photos of the ceremony.

Private visit to the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps

The new head of the diplomatic mission before the delivery of credentials must have a private visit to the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in international relations. The dean of the diplomatic corps is the oldest resident ambassador, hereinafter.

Official visits

It is within the duty of the Chief of Mission, after the delivery of credentials, granting a series of official courtesy visits to the family of the Head of State, and to the senior officials indicated by the director of Protocol of the Receiver Country. These visits and officials will vary according to the uses and custom of each country.

List in the case of a republican or Catholic country in a diplomatic presentation:

1. President of the Supreme Court of Justice.
2. President of Parliament.
3. Cardinal and Archbishop.
4. Minister of State.
5. Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.
6. Mayor of the capital.
7. Directors of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

 

Notification to the Resident Diplomatic Corps and Visits

The ambassador being officially received, at the time of presenttime expressing their desires that the personal relationships that will arise are in mutual benefits between member countries. The first letter must be sent to the dean of the diplomatic corps, which at this later should be requested a visit and starting the so -called "Diplomatic Tournée".

These visits will be made in the order that the responses of the circular note to mission chiefs accredited in that country, of the same level and normally these visits are given in the mornings in the office of the recipient diplomat.

The visit to a mission chief is not accepted until said circular has been answered. In a matter of not having a response, the secretary of the mission must notify the fact that the circular note has been satisfactorily received, because it is not usual for this to occur, the misguided and involuntary omissions.

Note to your country’s mission chiefs abroad

The ambassador will send a circular note to the diplomatic corps accredited in the country that is its new headquarters and where it will begin its responsibilities, and another note similar to the other chiefs of diplomatic mission, of their country in the other nations.

Subaltern visits

Through cards, other diplomats must make their tournae. Each of the members usually carry a presentation of the chief of abbreviated mission with the letters “P.P ”at the bottom, write by hand, and said card must carry, also written by hand the name of the person to whom it is dedicated, preceded by the letters of the procedure that belongs to them.

Wives visits

The wives must make a tournae similar to those made by their spouses. So the ladies must make the visits of customs to the wives of the mission chiefs in the already explained way. But currently these Tournée tend to be held on a single visit, because the majorities of ambassadors receive their visit in the afternoon at the headquarters of the mission accompanied by their wives. In terms of an ambassador, the Mission Chief will not have the need to carry out this protocol already explained, which has been critical of discrimination.

Beginnings of functions and precedents

At the time of entering its headquarters, the head of Mission immediately must inform its Chancellor who has taken office. It is estimated that the Chief of Mission has received and assumed its functions in the receiving state, at the time at which its credential letters have been presented.

Ambassadors will generally establish their precedence, continuing hierarchically from the date and time at which their diplomatic letters have been presented. At the other levels the first precedence will be made by the range and date of the note in which it has presented its designation to the receiving state.

It is said that in some countries the regulations implemented by the Vienna Agreement of 1815 usually pass, which falls on the representative of the Holy See, not the oldest. In relation to the activities of the mission and in matters of precedence in the diplomatic order of the Dominican Republic, the other participants as military or police, whether naval or aerial, at the time of having a range of brigade general or other range,will establish after the head of the mission.

In the case of having a minor rank, as a colonel, it will be established after the Minister Counselor, and if they have a position of ship lieutenant it will be placed after the secretary of the Embassy. If the nation is monarchical where the head of Mission is accredited and a new King is proclaimed to be requested to update documents and the norm is that the fundamental order of origin remains. In the case of a new pontiff, the credential update is also requested.

The need to renew credentials is not necessary in the republics with the entry of a new president. In the case of business managers, the precedence will be made in the order of delivery of their accreditation documents, in relation to the business managers with a ministry letter, it will be made with the date of the confirmation document. It is convenient to mention that, in the case of being a special mission, such origin will be valid for the date of official notification.

conclusion

In this important and relevant research work on the functioning of diplomatic processes and levels, various issues of knowledge were studied in diplomatic missions, when a diplomatic ambassador or diplomatic agent specialized in various areas of diplomacy is sent to an accredited state.

Steps such as the delivery of a diplomatic entity were developed to be accredited on behalf of its state abroad, the issues that arise and as said representative must face and solve efficiently and peacefully for the mutual between the two states that haveThat diplomatic relationship.

Therefore, they were presented in the processes already highlighted, the various systems of the custom in which these visits are made and in which country or nation each type of visits can be made when making or directing an embassy in an accredited state. Then there, explained how and when notifications can be made to the minister in charge of diplomatic missions abroad, and other visits to the rest of the diplomatic corps, as well as that of his spouse and other relatives.

Among other steps that are of the utmost importance in the field of diplomatic missions with respect to their functions and backgrounds, as well as the processes to initiate a negotiation in the accredited state, consolidations of peace etc.

References

1. Manuel Morales Lama: Contemporary Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, (1996)
2. Eduardo Jara Roncati: Diplomatic Function, (1989). Extracted from https: // repository.ECLAC.Org/Bitstream/Handle/11362/29597/S3272J37_es.PDF