America in the thirteenth century to nineteenth century
The colonial era
After supporting a long and painful trip through unknown regions of the Atlantic Ocean, the Genoese sailor Christopher Columbus sighted Earth on the morning of October 12, 1492 after having come to discover the American continent. Upon arriving at the coast he was convinced that he had found a sea route to the Asian contineAuspices of its protectors, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. In Spain, the construction of its empire was concentrated in the central and southern part of the Americas assigned to him by the Treaty of Tordesillas, due to the presence of large societies settled such as the Aztecs, the Incas, the Maya and the Muiscas, whose human resources whoseand materials could explode, and great concentrations of silver and gold.
During the European colonization of the western hemisphere, the majority of the native population died, mainly due to illness. In what is known as Colombian exchange, diseases such as smallpox and measles decimated populations without immunity to all America.
Colonization of America
After the arrival of the first conquerors, both Spain (North and Central America) and Portugal (South) began to break through the continent. But the great European powers, such as France, England (north) and the Netherlands (south and in some islands), had joined the race for obtaining overseas territories in America. The motivations of these powers for the conquest of America were mainly economic, since they were looking for new sources of raw materials and the opening of new trade routes, but the possession of these territories would also provide its owner with an important political power, fundamental to be erectedas hegemonic power.
Why does Spain conquer many countries?
Due to the exploration and conquest of America he had occasion during the call era of discoveries, which continued at the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The Spaniards conquered great territories of America in the fifteenth century but in the seventeenth century it lost many territory due to Latin American independence.
Decolonization in America
Decolonization would be the independence of the territories conquered by European countries. From 1795 it began with the independence of the United States of America that became the country of said continent after having become independent from England in 1776 after a war, a treaty was signed in 1783 that finally the United States was already an independent country and thatframe the end of the War of Independence.
The next was Haiti that became independent from France that fight had affiliation by the United States. Due to Haiti’s victory, he caused reactions of the defenders of slavery. The American society, especially from the southern zone, was attentive to the political news about the revolution in Saint Domingue and disturbed its repercussions because it would negatively affect its economic interests.
Spanish -American Independence War
The majority of Latin American countries became independent from the Spaniards, the Latin American people acquired awareness of the differences between metropolis and colonial territories, and, with this awareness, the national feeling and national identity and national identity began to demonstrate. The freedom concept comes to acquire great meaning with nationalism, and the struggle for freedom and the preservation of national identity that became the banners of Latin American peoples. The incipient nationalism contributed, therefore, to question the prevailing colonial order. These positions of the colonies that contributed to paving the route to independence.
The first Latin American country was Paraguay that became independent in July 1810, then the rest of the countries became a total of 19 countries fought for independence. Latin America was divided into 19 nations and incorporated territories, immersed in a process of formation of nationalities that will be characterized by the violence that will generate the policy of newborns countries, around matters such as anarchy, dictatorial governments andDefinition of borders, practically all Latin American countries were.
The Portuguese arrived in South America in 1500, one year after the conquest these territories were recognized with their ships, but they did not sit on them. However, the wealth of Palo Brazil had already arrived in Europe and the French and Dutch began to reach the area with the purpose of trade with the natives to obtain the precious stick.
Given this dangerous interest, the Crown of Portugal armed a large fleet under the command of the Portuguese Martín Afonso de Sousa with the purpose of colonizing the region and founding populations in the manner of Spain. To do this, he applied his experience and his feudal schemes, and, in L534 he divided the Brazilian country into twelve captains. Brazil was a country that came to beneficial a lot for the Portuguese colony since they introduced a lot.
In 1532, in the areas surrounding the foundations of some cities, the Portuguese introduced sugarcacountry. This was one of the first crops of true capitalist economy. It was mostly carried out for European consumption and was based on a cheap labor thanks to the introduction of slaves from Africa that would transform the economy of the Brazilian colony and society, thus generating a new capitalist cut economy that benefit that benefit that benefitPortuguese trade and administration, based on work with slaves.
Cristóbal Colon mistaken our continent because Colon and its people had actually arrived in Asia. His crews left enough evidence to prove;that his successful trips were a great contribution based on an adventure that gave as results what we know today as America.
Towards the end of the 15th century, Europe in full expansion began the conquest and exploitation of the American continent. American societies suffered in their own flesh the impact of the invasion. Contact with Europeans immediately brought serious consequences to native populations. Many died from the spread of diseases carried by Europeans and for which they had no defenses. But the majority of the population of the Antilles became extinguished in just 20 years of contact with Europeans, because of ill -treatment, forced labor and the change of life, culture and religion that the conquerors imposed them.
The day of the race is called October 12 in commemoration of the discovery of America. It meant a new era in ancient, a great step for humanity and the birth of a new race, the mestizo, which was the fusion of Spaniards and Indians. We always remember this adventure launched by the enigmatic Colón, who, until today, there are doubts about its origin, but its feat is historically kept: that of completing the face of the earth and showing the world, which before discovering. In the years, countries that had achieved independence, some had wars because they suffered conflicts over economic issues or territories.
At present, the American continent has undergone both political and economic change generating monarchies, democracy and dictatorships that brings wealth such as the United States and economic crises such as Haiti and Venezuela. The Américo continent has support with other countries with the European and Asian Union since they export and import for the benefits.
References
- See in this regard, the opinions of the DR. Hermann Max, in meaning of a Mars-Hall plan for Latin America.
- “The Regency Council of Spain and Indies to the Spanish Americans. Instructions for the elections for America and Asia ”, Cádiz, February 14, 1810. Fernández Martín, Ob. cit., vol. II, pp. 594-600.
- Proclamation of the Central Board ”, Seville, October 28, 1809. Gazeta de Caracas, No. 77 (December 29, 1809).- Manuel Fernández Martín, Spanish parliamentary right. Madrid: Jixture of J. A. Garcia, 1885, Vol. II, pp. 562-570.
- First Manifesto of the Supreme Government Board of the Kingdom of the Spanish Nation ”, Aranjuez, October 26, 1808, in Antonio Ferrer del Río, original works of the Count of Floridablanca. Madrid: Rivadeneyra, 1867, pp. 509-512.- Joaquín Ruiz German, political writings of Floridablanca: the instruction and the memorial. Murcia: Alfonso X El Sabio Academy, 1982, pp. 417-428.
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