A tour of housing architecture
Introduction
As the main object of research, the architectural model to study is that of collaborative housing or cohousing. However, it is necessary to present a little more in depth the different architectural models of social and collective housing that exist: its origins and its evolution throughout the history of architecture. The following analysis is a tour of built works that at all pretend to be read as a canonical list of buildings, nor are they the top-be of collective housing. As Fernández Per y Mozas write in the prologue of their book 10 stories about collective housing, the following projects.
Developing
"They have been chosen as friends are chosen: because despite their defects, they are worth it.". They are worth it if, as in the case that concerns us, from all of them you can get at least one aspect that can be considered as an antecedent or proof, of what interests us, of today’s architectures, of cohousing architectures. Evolution of residential models of collective housing. In the first decade of the twentieth century new urban forms such as the "city-jardin" begin to emerge. Defined as a "ideal" self-sufficient city that appears as the first experimentation in England and that proliferated with speed to countries such as Germany or the Netherlands.
In the German city of Dresden, we find one of the most notable examples of this architectural type: Hellerau, projected by Richard Reimerschmid, Hermann Mathesius and Heinrich Tessenow. In this historical moment there was a generalized feeling of commitment to cities, with the search for new forms that would improve the quality until then poor housing but still high density projects. At that time, European building regulations focused on the improvement of living conditions. In response to these considerations, housing design focused on aspects such as providing ventilation.
In basic hygienic matters, and in issues of preservation of intimacy, exterior spaces and social space creation. It is convenient to highlight the performance in Paris by Henri Sauvage in the field of low -cost home, whose ideas focused on replacing the rigid facades of the Paris of Haussmann with new constructions with stepped facades with the aim of getting light and air,So sought after in the actions of the time, they penetrate the interiors of the homes in response to the leather and narrow Parisine streets. The housing block on Rue Vavin was the first in which the idea was successful;The specific interest in improving the quality of the environment.
The second block, on Rue de Amiraux, was completed a decade later. After this first decade of the twentieth century, in the second, architecture is debated between two models: the traditional housing hitherto common among the European working class, poorly oriented, poorly distributed, rooms in bedroom, without ventilation, etc. And the model that began to suggest the trend of housing garden cities in row. Given this generalized indecision, the first models that project housing halfway appear the two types raised, such is the case of the Justus van Effen complex, by Michiel Brinkman in Spangen, Rotterdam.
It is a typology of attached housing and closed apple with community interior patio, features that place it between the individual and the collective, the public and the private, giving the street the role of connection element. Brinkman embodied in Spangen innovative ideas and reflections on the feeling of community even without despising individualities, protecting the intimacy that had been lost in bedrooms and promoting community life as the main objective as the main objective. Projects like this began to reflect with hope the advances that were being achieved in the field of improvement of the quality of life that at the beginning of the century raised.
Advantages among which we find the introduction of cross ventilation in homes, as well as the heating, gas and garbage dump, all of them considered great steps towards the advance. The aforementioned merits of the Justus van Effen complex of the 20s ceased to be in the 60s, when the project began to decline, the neighbors left their deteriorated homes. After several attempts to revive the project with modifications, finally in 2002 through a promotion strategy, it was possible to recover and create a feeling of belonging among resistant residents.
Those who in advertising terms were called Just-Believers, citizens who firmly believed in the advantages of collective housing, within the consolidated city. It will be from the 1930s when the quality of the interior of the house really becomes the main objective of the architects of the time. If there is a city that explains this change by itself, she is Vienna, the clear reflection of that ideological change, how to face the new architecture now. After World War I, and for just over ten years, in Vienna approximately seventy thousand homes were built with a construction program rather than ambitious to house large amounts of people.
conclusion
The model chosen for this was the HAF (inner courtyard of the closed block around which these workers’ homes were built.) The great work of the HAF can be attributed to Karl EHN, with the construction of the Karl Max Hof raised between 1926 and 1930. The homes of this project were characterized by collecting for the first time in their equipment equipment such as school or laundryHousing, whose sole objective was to house its inhabitants for the most basic functions.
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