Gender equality and roles
Introduction
Concepts related to gender equality.To understand the sense of gender equality, it is important to review several concepts related to this, such as socialization, coeducation, gender stereotype, sex. First, it is necessary to clarify what "gender equality" means. This term can be defined as a principle that determines that both women and men have the same rights and opportunities at the educational, work, economic and social levels, always taking into account that they are biologically different, but all people have the same value with Independence of the sex to which they belong (women in network, UNESCO).
Developing
When we refer to gender equality we are talking about the fact that both men and women are the same before the law, we are people who coexist together in a democratic society, without distinction of ideologies, culture, race, nationality, or sex. Thus, we can read in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on December 10, 1948 at the United Nations General Assembly, it was approved after World War II promotes the development of friendly relations between nations is established in the ART.1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
We live in a democratic society we have the same rights and duties before the State and society. In the Spanish Constitution of 1978, through which our legal system is governed, several articles that deal with the principle of equality are present. In art.1, you can read equality conceived as a higher value: "Spain constitutes a social and democratic state of law, which advocates as superior values of its legal system freedom, justice, equality and political pluralism" (Law law No. 31229, 1978). and art. 14: “The Spaniards are equal before the law, without any discrimination against birth, race, sex, religion, religion.
Opinion or any other personal or social condition or circumstance ”(Law No. 31229, 1978). In order for real equality, there must be the same opportunities in all areas of life and society for both sexes, without any restriction. It is of no use to have laws, but all citizens must be aware of their existence, as well as questioning it and recognizing compliance to evolve and achieve true equality between women and men. When we talk about socialization we are talking about two personal construction processes, it is the process through which an individual learns in the course of his life.
It is characterized by being bidirectional, this means that the subject receives influences from society in his socialization process, while he also influences the environment. Both processes complement each other, but you can find a wide variety of differences in their origin, interests or motivations and elements of action. According to Vander, such as the process by which all people, through interaction with others, develop ways of thinking, feeling, current, etc., which are indispensable for participation in society. It is a period in which values, beliefs, expectations are acquired and internalized.
And characteristic behaviors integrating it into the personality of each individual develops through the interaction of the individual with the surrounding environment. Although society is in continuous changes, what remains are the main socialization agents, these are family and school, the people who form both agents are the most influential in the socialization of minors, these through The observation of people who educate them as individuals learn to relate to others, to have relationships of affection, to improve their self – esteem, work self-knowledge.
Although it is the family, the first example to follow in childhood and is the mirror in which they will imitate, in addition the family covers the most influential years of socialization, therefore the importance of working the important aspects to be achieved during the educational process. Following Piaget’s theory, boys and girls under 7 years of age have no capacity to understand that gender is a social convention and can, for this reason, change; On the other hand, boys and girls between 7 and 12 years can understand that the social norms associated with gender are modifiable, while built (Rodríguez and Peña).
In the youth environment, the most influential socialization agents are the group of peers and the media of masses, cinema, television including new technologies; Internet social networks, and video games. They show in a globalized fictions, myths, symbols, heroes, scenarios, arguments, stereotypes and archetypes, values, and beliefs, which determinantly influence the ideas we have about the world and relationships and that are acquired from childhood. Socialization follows a process in which all societies establish precise elements with the intention that so much.
Men as women learn a series of behaviors and attitudes conceived as fundamental and essential for each sex. Men and women become through socialization, each society has a preconceived idea of what a man and a woman is, how to behave, what should do, say or even think (Carrasco). The world of education has been one of those places that has had to rethink its way of teaching, working and looking for other paths in which the woman finds equal conditions than those of man. Coeducation can say that it is an action.
Which aims to ensure that actors that belong to an educational community and society in general, be aware of equality and eliminate discrimination normalizing coexistence in schools in order to social welfare in all areas of life. Next I present some definitions of coeducation that I have found interesting: “Coeducation is the explicit and intentional intervention of the school community to promote the integral development of students paying special attention to the acceptance of their own sex, the knowledge of another , and the enriched coexistence of both ”(Santos Guerra).
At present, due to the complexity of the society in which we live the family, more and more delegates its socialization function in other areas such as the educational field. Assistance to school by minors must facilitate and increase learning, since the family does not have to be trained in certain skills and knowledge for which teaching professionals are trained. Therefore the responsibility of the socializing function falls on the two main institutions, the family and the school (comellas). The school is a small sample of society, we imagine that if society is in continuous change.
The school must undergo the same change to adapt to the society that belongs. Coeducation faces challenges daily that hinder the creation of equality between both sexes such as; Sexism at school, the position of women as teaching professionals. Androcentrism in science and its effects on education and androcentrism in language. The equality plan between women and men is based on three principles: Visibiliadad: tries to favor the recognition of inequalities and discrimination processes that happen in the school environment. Make the differences between girls and boys visible.
The use of non -sexist language will be encouraged. Reflection on gender stereotypes and the acquisition of sexist roles will be invited to reflection. Transversality: It pretends that the principles of gender equality are part of the administration policies and educational centers. Inclusion: that all equality actions carried out in the educational field are directed to the community as a whole, since educating in equality requires an intervention that exceeds the educational field and thereby to correct the inequalities that currently exist. Gender is a cultural construction of those we believe and we think it is suitable for each sex.
It is the social part that confers different attitudes, behaviors, abilities or personalities. This construction expands socially perceiving in a natural way the situations of discrimination that in an environment of equality would not be allowed. Scott describes gender as "gender is a constitutive element of social relations based on the differences that distinguish the sexes and gender is a primary form of significant relations of power". The genre entails differentiated norms to each sex and that are imposed by society to individuals from birth which creates a rigid system in which we find guidelines that govern behaviors.
The desires and even the actions of the subjects. Within the relations of power Subats, it says: “The consideration of genres as sets of social guidelines (that is, as social constructions) differentiating and limiting individual possibilities, highlights a relationship of power: the domination of men, the domination of men, the domination of men, And more specifically from the male gender, about women."The following concept is linked to the previous.
The benefits of women’s law or changes in interpersonal relationships between sexes. In general, sexism is understood as an attitude directed towards people by virtue of their biological sex, men or women. It is important to clarify in the two types of sexism that we can find, the idea was introduced by Glick and Fiske, these were contrary but they were part of the negative construction of the female gender. The so -called ambivalent sexism and has two types: hostile sexism and the benevolent. Hostile sexism treats all those situations that have a negative connotation for women and is easy to detect.
Within hostile sexism we can find the belief that man is superior to women and that it does not have the necessary characteristics to succeed in different fields, professional, social or political, since it is inferior to man and that the woman It is manipulative since she has an attraction and "sexual power" to use against the male gender. Benevolent or subtle sexism is more difficult to detect because it creates situations in which inequalities are overlapping after a halo of understanding. Some attitudes of this sexism are the idea of the need for protection that women have by men, the belief that women have many positive characteristics that are important since those that man have or the consideration that women have it is necessary.
conclusion
It has an important weight in the sexual needs of man and in the care of sons and daughters. According to Peña, it recognizes these last two types of sexism, but at the same time it makes two other divisions, individual sexism is difficult to detect since, it is intrinsic in an individual and is formed with the process of social construction and identity of each individual. Sexism as a social practice, is the one that originates in the subject’s environment from its closest references, the family, to later move on to school, the peers of peers, institutions and the media. It occurs through prejudices, predefined roles and stereotyped images that create that normalizing consciousness of gender inequality.
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