Freedom and religious belief
Introduction.
In 1492 the arrival of Christopher Columbus was transcendental for European economy and society;But, unfortunate and painful consequences for the native peoples of what would later be called America. Columbus thought he had reached the Indies;Therefore, he did not know that he had found a new continent. His goal was to discover a new route to reach the Indies;The news of Columbus’s feat was leaked towards European neighboring countries;especially to England, Portugal and France, which soon ventured into the conquest of the "New World".
They considered the people found, wild and pagan;They said they were beings without a soul. They imposed their religion, customs and traditions. Europeans had a more advanced degree of development than Indo -Americans;Therefore, its worldview was different. The former were monotheists and the latter, polytheists. Being the upper natives in number to foreigners, the question arises, how the religious beliefs of the Inca Empire influenced the Spanish conquest from 1529 to 1533?
Developing.
Sources used: “Los Incas” by Anne Millard, which has a doctorate in Egyptology and has been an advisor to several archeology and history books, his work was published in 1990 by the Sigmar publishing house, it is historiographic type, it contains varied information withRegarding the religious beliefs of the Incas: their customs, the type of government and the Spanish conquest with a good description of what happened, everything appointed about the content of the source will be of great help in my research because exactly thetheme of my work;that is, the religious beliefs of the Incas.
However, the limitations of the text: "the Incas" are the scarce information on the religious beliefs of the Spaniards, because it only contains that of the Incas, therefore, it would have to use the other sources to obtain the information. This source is in a book. Millard, a. . The Incas. ed. Sigmar.
The second source is "the Spanish conquest, the problem of the other" by Everardo Garduño a writer and critic, which is of historiographic type and the importance of this in the investigation to be carried out is the content it has about the religious beliefs of the SpaniardsAnd as this influenced the conquest, in addition to the author’s criticism, before the subject.
On the other hand, the source: "The Spanish conquest" encompasses the influence of the religious aspect to which the author reflects philosophically, therefore his language creates a slight difficulty in understanding the reader, but this source will be very useful foreffectively specify good arguments for the development of the subject, in addition to giving a motivating element for the reader. This source is on the web. Garduño, e. (2007). The Spanish conquest, the other problem. Mexico.
The two sources have appropriate information and will help at work to be punctual and concrete;And so, culminate the investigation effectively.
The Incas emerged in Cuzco-Peru, in the mid-fourteenth century, began their imperial expansion in the South American West. The imperialist ambitions, managed to impose themselves on almost all the faced peoples;Those who refused to be vassals from the Incario, fled towards the jungles. The colony left deep injuries in the villages and ethnicities that never completely heal. This fact would impact on the immediate future against the Empire. The detractors of the Inca believed that the Spanish arrival was related to the benignity of the gods, and that they were sent to be released from injustices, even this can be seen evidenced in Annex 4 and 5 (Ayala, 1615)
The belief of the indigenous people thinking that these human beings came because of their gods, can be seen evidenced in Annex 5, in which the Spaniards, after their arrival, what they did is use and abuse their religious beliefs forimplement monotheism, so that the Incas were indoctrinated to the western monotheistic religion;Likewise, in Annex 5, they can be reflected as they forced them to pay pruteitesia and taxes to their God.
On the other hand, the discomfort of oppressed peoples and indigenous religious beliefs were exploited by Benalcázar, who used such resentment to achieve their alliance but not for the benefit of indigenous clamor;but, of his personal interests, and those of the Spanish crown. Indigenous resentments joined their religious beliefs. That is, reiterating previous lines, the idea that the arrivals came, came delegates by the gods to save them.
In other words, their religious faith predisposed to give help to those who would betray them later. Indigenous religion in general and ina in particular, contradictory and opposite its beliefs contradictory and opposite. Hispanic monotheism would be imposed on Inkician polytheism. This rejection of the polytheistic religion was due to the fact that the Incas apart from the sacrifices they made for their gods, also maintained the polygamical marriage, that is, that the Inca King could have several women, this for the Spaniards was pagan because it was inagainst their religion.
It is somewhat incomprehensible and incredible that several tens of thousands of Atahualpa soldiers have been defeated by a significantly lower army made up of Spaniards and allied groups that added just a few thousand. We will mention among them the Cañaris, Huaylas, Lords of Lima and the Nations of Charcas.
It is necessary to indicate that monotheism and polytheism explain the existence of everything and life itself, based on the actions of divinities known as gods;With the difference, that monotheism awards it to a single God who created us to Him’s likeness and that polytheism to several hierarchical gods. More than these had certain inanimate deities to which they conferred their own spirit.
Human ignorance in relation to their environment and consequently, their ignorance to the people of natural phenomena, the only explanation that would find them, was that they were produced by the anger or discontent of entities to which they give them personality, their own spirit and spiritthat they would call "gods", they would be worshiped and pleitesy;Good to thank their benefits or try to calm their anger, they even built temples in which the most beautiful virgins, pure girls, had to take care of that sacred architecture, but could not be seen from anyone but for the priesThe "Son of the Sun", the Inca.
It is human sensory abilities, which would help them question and learn from their environment, to discover and create knowledge as well as to develop certain types of subjective ideologies that explain them from points of view based on that subjectivity that would later be converted into superstitionboth individual and collective. So great is human ability and ingenuity, that yesterday’s beliefs are polished in time and we go from the polytheistic religions of savagery, and barbarism, to the monotheistic religions of civilization.
The preceding appointment could establish the fact that the arrival of totally exassed people to their domains, was a sign of the gods, who were somewhat difficult to understand;Those beings could either be emissaries from the gods or gods could be directly to impose justice on their subjects;Good to punish or grant them their benevolence. Not knowing what to think, what to believe, or what to do, should have had them in a total uncertainty.
No indications have been found that religion has been separated from indigenous actions. Rather, the same together with the indigenous perception, creates different conceptions about the Spaniards as shown in one of their territories conquered in America in the following appointment: according to Durán, cited by the author, the Aztecs assumed that if the Spaniards wereLower was not worth killing them, because ‘our gods would not like the flesh of those barbarian people’). In the opposite case, there was just no resistance to divine superiority ".
This fragment indicates that not only the Inca Empire thought this, but also the Aztecs, because in this, the Spaniards could be the sacrifice of the gods, only if they were worthy as an offering for them and therefore, they would sacrifice them,If it were the opposite, they would mean anything for their divinities, with this reflection, we conclude that the Incas had to have reached the same belief because they were in the same stage and evolutionary process;And therefore, their degree of civilization being quite similar, they had the same religious mysticism.
In what was the Incario a process of consolidation of the Inca domain was being created under the responsibility of a single sovereign who fell on Atahualpa, brother of Huáscar. The unpepped and unexpected arrival of the Spaniards, completely arrested the Inca consolidation process, since the internal war of the Incario had barely ended and the sequelae were still latent in the outraged villages.
One more factor that was important to give the Spanish consquest was the civil war because of the losers of this battle;that is, of those who were in favor of Huáscar and the subjected peoples, they would serve Spanish strategists for the consumption of their purposes. On the other hand, the opponents of Atahualpa in a way, the idea that the gods maybe, sent their emissaries to defend the usurper of the site reserved for the Son of the Sun. Situation that was also used for the conquest and domain of the Incas.
Conclusions.
Therefore, we conclude that the human being in ancient times, referring to their beliefs and their religiosity, did not have something clear about the reality that surrounded them;but that in its individual and collective psychology, several deities emerged from the social construct as a basis of a religious ideology, and that bases its polytheism, typical of its stage or stage of development that was still barbarism;In other words, his ignorance of the reason for the existence of life, nature and everything there is to his Alededor, it was difficult for them to understand it;Even more, explain it. Their ignorance, their doubts and fears inclined them to explain their questions and deposit their fears in a religious faith that adapted their reason for being.
The arrival of strangers made them speculate on reasons for the arrival of Spaniards, so the appointments previously analyzed, give us the Inca thought, based on superstitions and beliefs that were well below the Spanish, consequently, the religious beliefs of theInca Empire, they contained significantly to be defeated and end what could be the greatest and most magnificent empire in this indigenous America.
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