Epistemology theories and its philosophy
One of the great virtues that we humidly have and that the difference of other inhabiting beings of this planet, such as animals is the ability to be able to abstract from the stimuli generated by the environment in their organism, being able to direct their actions and havewill of his actions, for which he has an advanced development of his mind that leads to use as a way of being able to achieve this. Since ancient times, thinkers or philosophers have elucidated and built different ways of approaching knowledge. Aristotle is one of the greatest exponents of philosophy and considered that one of the main virtues of man was "knowledge" and reason since this made us free as rational beings, giving importance to knowledge as a tool of the human being formake use as the unique being thinking. Aristotle was the precursor of this theory with his approaches to obtaining knowledge, he expanded the study of knowledge. But these were isolated theories, approaches and studies. Santo Tomás de Aquino also raised a theory about knowledge in the thirteenth century. He was a theologian and in his theory he tried to unite faith and reason. (Toro, 2004) .
The word "epistemology" derives from Greek, Epistºme, "knowledge" and lñgoj "theory". It is considered a discipline that deals with studying the methods used to achieve scientific knowledge and ways to validate such knowledge. Epistemology focuses on the degree of certainty and the probability of a certain field of knowledge, seeking the validation and justification of the affirmation of what we say. It is important to know that as all science epistemology tries to know the development of human knowledge, because it is a branch of philosophy that is focused on scientific study, and not the topics facing the philosophy of all times focuses on clarifyingthat embodies the act of knowing, what is the particularity of knowledge, which is the cognitive analogy between man and the things that surround him. On the other hand, epistemology becomes the vehicle with which the individual has caught an irrefutable level of wisdom and has further perfected their cognitive abilities;He has clarified doubts by using the rationalist and experimental principles. Next, epistemologies and their theories are developed. (Importance of a help guide, 2015).
Developing
Epistemology as a single concept in general is the discipline that studies the processes to which science is subjected: the method and scientific knowledge. It is the branch of philosophy that analyzes, understands and studies science for its development, is also responsible for studying scientific knowledge by determining how knowledge is built and how we know what it is to know. Epistemology has a variety of objectives: clarify the paradigms that researchers use to build theories and observations, demonstrate coherence between internal and relational theories, determine the levels of reliability of constructs (the problem of security and belief), andTo design mental activity (thought, language, inference, the use of reasoning, the use of hidden prejudices and an a priori) that is used to build science. Epistemology can be understood as a science whose objective is the quality of knowledge. It can be explained that it is to use methodological scientific tools so that what we know and think makes sense of value. (Guerra, 2002).
For Piaget, epistemology is the study of the passage of the states of less knowledge to the states of a more advanced knowledge and Cortes and Gil (1997) affirm that epistemology is more for the process and not because of what is the knowledge itself. Knowledge will not have its value for the result but by the process that each of our knowledge, ideas and thoughts have that we want to make it in reason and for this it is necessary that there is prior process that determines their scientific support.
Mario Tamayo that in his book the process of scientific research, places it as the theory of scientific knowledge, and is characterized by its method, which leads us to propose scientific and research problems, to formulate hypotheses and mechanisms for verification,reason why we can say that the epistemology of science is the scientific method. In addition, he affirms that epistemology, philosophically speaking, is based on the "theory of knowledge" to develop, as is the scientific knowledge in its object of study. As Aristotle mentions the difference between opinion and knowledge. What distinguishes them is that opinion is subjective, and knowledge must be based on reality. (Guerra, 2012).
While it is true that knowledge theory does not exist as an independent discipline in Greek philosophy and in medieval philosophy, it is no less true that both in the stage of ancient and Middle Philosophy, in the Middle Ages, we find multiple reflections about the problemof the ‘theory of knowledge’, also called ‘epistemology’ (of the Greek word ‘epistem’, which means knowledge, or ‘gnoseology’ (of the Greek term ‘gnosis’ which also means knowledge. In these times of philosophical thought, the problem of knowledge theory is inserted in texts referring to ontological and psychological problems. This takes place specially in Plato and Aristotle.
There are main roots of the epistemology of the origin of knowledge. Empiricism on the one hand advocates the sensitive origin of knowledge. Defends that obtaining knowledge is the conclusion of interaction with the phenomenon. Its position indicates that only exposure to the object will produce experience. In this sense, experience becomes the only source of knowledge. While rationalism postulates that knowledge must be acquired methodically. According to this theory, the truth can only be learned through a systematized process, with a specific and conscious method. This approach raises the study as the only way to achieve wisdom. According to rationalism, no truth is knowledge if it is not universal. Apriorism on the other hand is an epistemological current that attempts to mediate between empiricism and rationalism. Manuel Kant, is the main author of apriorism, first of all makes a criticism of both extremist attitudes and then seeks to solve the problem raised. In such a way it could be said that empiricism is based on the experience of the subject where there is no scientific process that values it and rationalism of what is linked to scientific methods of value to knowledge. (Canelon, 2009).
As soon as the possibilities and origin of knowledge mention dogmatism to the epistemological attitude for which there is no problem of the possibility of knowledge. It takes for granted that the subject can know without difficulty the object, in this epistemological sense, should not be understood disparagingly. It is an attitude that had no problem about the possibility of knowledge and simply accepted this possibility. Skepticism on the other hand is presented as a gnoseological system that denies the possibility that the cognitive subject can capture the known object. Knowledge, as a real apprehension of the object by the subject, is impossible. Which turns out that we cannot issue any judgment. When skepticism denies the possibility of a certain knowledge, it is called knowledge whose possibility denies. Likewise, there is talk of ethical and religious skepticism, since it denies knowledge of the moral and religious knowledge respectively. Finally, there is systematic skepticism and methodical skepticism. The first denies the possibility of knowledge in principle, systematically. The second does it by method: he doubts what naturally presents us with knowledge, to separate the true of the false and thus reach absolutely safe knowledge. Epistemological pragmatism replaces the concept of truth, which derives from the correspondence between thought and the object, replacing it with the concept of the useful. The truth for pragmatism means the valuable and useful for life. The basic error of pragmatism lies in the ignorance and denial of the autonomy of human thought. Finally, criticism is the intermediate position between pragmatism and skepticism among those is criticism. This system is common with dogmatism that accepts fundamental confidence in human reason. It does not accept, however, the possibility of knowledge and truth in a naive way, as dogmatism does, but also carefully examines the activity of human reason. Distrust of certain knowledge, such as: in the face of the possibility of rational knowledge of the absolute, brings it closer to skepticism. (Polveda, 2005)
conclusion
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that analyzes, understands and studies science for its development, is also responsible for studying scientific knowledge by determining how knowledge is built and how we know what it is to know how to clarify the paradigms that researchers use forBuild theories and observations, demonstrate coherence between internal and relational theories, determine the levels of reliability of constructs seeking the quality of knowledge.
Epistemology and knowledge theory originates from roots among which is empiricism, rationalism and apriorism.
Epistemology and knowledge possibilities derive from dogmatism, skepticism, pragmatism and criticism.
Bibliographic references
- Polveda (2005) "Knowledge Theory". Recovered from: http: // esepulveda.Cl.Tripod.com/theory_del_ knowledge.htm
- Canelón (2009) “Historical development of epistemology: characteristics”, Lafer.com. Recovered from: https: // www.Lifer.com/development-historical-epistemology/
- War. P (2012) "Epistemology definitions", epistemology and research: from creativity to innovation. Recovered from: http: // epistemology20.Blogspot.com/2012/05/Pedro-Guerra-Epistemologiacomo-Un-Solo.HTML
- Importance A Help Guide (2015) "Importance of epistemology". Recovered from: https: // www.importance.org/epistemology.PHP
Leave feedback