Relationship of intestinal microbiota and childhood obesity
Introduction
Child obesity has become a public health problem today, according to WHO it defines it as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat
That it can be detrimental to health, cite WHO although it is related to inappropriate food, to a high consumption of fats, carbohydrates, sugars, genetic, environmental factors and today studies have been carried out that associate the intestinal microbiota and obesity.
The body mass index will lead us to the diagnosis of obesity, in the pediatric age it is carried out through the BMI growth table established by the World Health Organization, in which it will be determined in which the child is the child, apercentile greater than 95 is defined as obesity.
The intestinal microbiota is defined as a set of bacteria that inhabit the intestine, is related to the obesity by the metabolic activity that bacteria performs, which will subsequently obtain energy and in turn calories that will accumulate in the adipose tissue, tissuein which lipids accumulate.
Obesity brings a series of cardiovascular, respiratory, bone, metabolic and neurological complications, raising infant mortality according to several studies as a result of this risk factor such as obesity, worldwide the number of infants and children from zero to five yearsThey suffer overweight or obesity, in 2016 it is estimated that there are 41 million children suffer obesity Citar WHO in Ecuador according to the National Health and Nutrition Surveor are obese and 21.6% are at risk of having obesity cite innut
Developing
Today, thanks to several studies, it is known that the child before his birth already has a colonization of bacteria in his intestine contributed by the amniotic fluid in the third quarter, observing the presence of firmicutes.
The intestinal microbiota is to a lesser extent in the duodenum and in greater quantity in the colon, the same as obesity, increasing the absorption of carbohydrates and fats resulting in an increase in calories.
Providing children from a diet rich in carbohydrates, sugars and trans fat leads to damage to the intestinal microbiota, being its development in early childhood, the intestinal microbiota has a bacterial composition per year of life and when it reaches two yearsAge is similar to that of an adult, all this will depend on childbirth if it was Caesarea or a vaginal delivery, if it had exclusive breastfeeding or combined with milks in formúla, the amount of oxygen, the nutrients that are provided by the diet,The pH, as well as complementary feeding before and after weaning, are factors that contribute to the amount of bacteria that will predominate over others.
The microbiota in infants, unlike that of adults, tends to be vulnerable, environmental factors, the bacteria that are in a greater proportion are firmicutes, bacteroids, actinobacteria and proteobacteria, the first and second and seconds are in greater proportion.
It has been observed that in obesity there is a greater amount of firmicutes that are gram positive bacteria whose function is characterized by having a great capacity to subtract energy from the elements that are not absorbed, and in a low amount of bacteroides that are responsible for metabolismOf the polysaccharides that are gram negative bacteria, studies have shown that wearing a low carbohydrates and fat diet helps increase bacteroid
In the microbiota of an obese child there will be an increase in firmicutes, proteobacteria, campilobacter, bacteroids and shiguella.
Therefore the microbiota will extract in greater amount energy that food provides and there will be a decrease in the ability to inhibit fat storage, producing the easy absorption of complex and monosaccharides polysaccharides that help the synthesis of novo of novo to occurLipids, in turn contribute calories that will lead to triglycerides being deposited in adipose tissue and in the organ in charge of the liver metabolization.
According to a cross -sectional study that evaluated the Association of the Intestinal Microbiota with childhood obesity, with a sample of 1042 children, obtaining as a result in relation to firmicutes and bacteroides with the risk of obesity, children with high amounts of bacteroidThey are 40% less likely to obesity compared to children with low amounts of bacteroides, in terms of a high amount of firmicutes they have 1.5 times more to present obesity. Cite Hospital Nutriicpon
As well as the study by Backhed, obese mice were investigated with leptin deficiency, it gave as results that there is a greater concentration of firmicutes by 50% and in turn in normopese mice a lower proportion of bacteriodestes, the study gave a follow -up providedA hypocaloric diet to obese mice over a year, by analyzing them again after this time a decrease in firmicutes was observed while the proportion of bacteroids increase. Cite scielo
conclusion
- The composition of the intestinal microbiota is given from pregnancy, the type of childcolonize and predominate in the intestine.
- In studies carried out in animals, it is evident that there is a greater proportion of firmicutes than of bacteroides, which guides you that in obese children we will find the predominance of gram positive bacteria that are responsible for energy subtraction.
- The intestinal microbiota is related to obesity, in obese children it is altered, which will generate an easy digestion of polysaccharides, which is explained in studies carried out in animals and that relate to humans the same mechanism, reducing the capacityof inhibition of fat stores and raising the amount calories obtained from the diet that will accumulate in the adipose tissue.
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