Vladimir Lenin and his influence on Russia’s political-economic transformation
Introduction.
Vladimir Ilich Lenin, better known as Lenin, was simply a radical communist leader who directed the revolution that would give way to the Soviet communist regime, designated as Soviet Union, and that would exist between 1922 and 1991.The Russian revolution carried out in 1917, with Lenin among its ranks, caused the fall of the Russian Empire.
Then, the Russian provisional government was erected for a very short time, which would be overthrown in 1922, when the Bolshevik faction (Radical Political Group of the Democratic Social Workers Party of Russia led by Lenin), with Lenin at the head, wonThe Russian civil war and then the Soviet Union became a fact.
Lenin was born in July 1870 in Simbirsk, within a middle class family. From an early age, Lenin, he showed himself as an individual who owns a deep and elaborate thought. His adolescence would be affected by two tragic facts that would mark him forever, first, the death of his father when he was 16, and the following year the murder of his older brother, who had been accused of conspiracy against the tsar. Especially, this last situation would bring Lenin closer to a position of absolute repudiation against the Tsarist regime that would intensify over time.
After finishing his studies at the Lyceum, Lenin, enters the University of Kazan to study Law. At the same time of his studies, Lenin, will approach the revolutionary circles of Kazan and will soon become a nuisance that the current authorities will cover with prison. In 1892 he graduated at the University of St. Petersburg and won an internship as a lawyer in Samara. His approach to Plejáanov, a Russian revolutionary leader, gave as fruit the combat league for the liberation of the working class, antecedent of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party that would direct Plejáanov.
Developing.
Lenin’s objective was to march to a socialist revolution that resulted in a socialist state and for this he believed that it was essential to have decided and organized revolutionary leaders. In 1912, Lenin, breaks with Plejanov as a result of the attachment of this to the mass party model, which approved before the revolution an intermediate step: bourgeois democracy. After the overthrow of the Tsarist regime, at the request of the February Revolution of 1917, Lenin, redoubled his bet and called all the Bolsheviks to cease his support for the provisional government and go for the true revolution.
In October of that year, Lenin’s desire was finally consumed and in this much the proposed strategy that brought together two points of interest had to do: the promotion of the end of war and the promise of land cast. After his triumph, Lenin, he erected in the president of the new government known as the Council of Commissioners of the People. Although Lenin fulfilled all his promises, his end radicalism also led him to commit excesses of power that materialized through violent methods of repression against those contrary to his proposal.
Regarding his management, initially, Lenin, faithfully applied his ideology and so that he nationalized the means of production, submitted activities to central planning, although, given the failure of production, he decided to reverse in some pointshow to be: the margin for market freedom and for private initiative. With these two measures the Leninist economy managed to balance.
The health problems that began to suffer more acuity in 1922 began to move him away from active, incredibly, two years later, in 1924, his very early death happened, at the age of 53.
The cold war and the role of the USSR in the same
The Cold War was nothing more than a political confrontation between two nations that rose powerful in the world, the United States and the Soviet Union. Due to this confrontation, many innocent had to suffer bad efforts, when they were supposed to be at peace, since the end of World War II was declared.
Around 1947, even in the postwar period, collecting remains of fears and sorrows, two countries, decided to play to know who is stronger, calling them a cold war, because they did not reach the war war, for fear of nuclear attacks, but some lasted some some40 years. Despite the term of the war and that in the end, neither of the two countries wanted to enter a third World War, there were several reasons why two of the largest countries collided. Not only for its purchasing power, but for its influence on the rest of the world.
For the reconstruction of Europe, the Marshall Plan was carried out, where they granted credit lines and generous donations to European countries. United States, he only asked, a little control by them, while Europe grew, economically. The Soviet Union wanted to spread that message around the world: communism. That not everyone had private property, everything was and all were treated equally. It seems beautiful, because it seems that we are all equal, but the difference is, in which there is a collective control. That way of life, did not like the United States and caught his attention.
The Soviet Union, witnessed how the United States was buying atomic weapons, which alerted them, since they wondered, why they would need them, after the end of World War II. They feared the attack of the other country, to the point of suspecting that bases were installed in Western Europe, to be attacked by the United States. These were the main reasons for the cold war, unjustified suspicions and the way of life of one and others. Because of this, postcommunist and anti -communist groups were created.
The USSR tried to maintain communist relations as much as it could, but it was a ballast for so many countries that were suffering the deep crisis. They needed a policy change, similar to that of the United States, this restructuring was called Perestroika. Many allied countries began to separate themselves from the former Soviet Union. In the end, he ended up disintegrating himself, so the Warsaw Pact, disappeared with her.
The developed the economy of Russia in the twentieth century
The history of the economy of Russia really begins, after the Soviet Union falls in 1991. Before this historical fact the entire economy of Russia was fully controlled by the State. When Boris Yeltsin is appointed president of the new Russian Federation began a series of economic transformations, which included privatizations, a new market and commercial release, since communism was not the option to get out of their bankruptcy.
For more than six decades, the entire Russian economy was focused on centralized planning, with strict state controls in all means of production, decision -making for economic investments were taken by the State, as well as those of production and consumption. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the one that made decisions regarding economic policy.
In the 90s, the collapse of communism began in this country and the difficulties began to stagger its weak economy, which was based on an armed career, mostly nuclear, colossal levels to compete with the United States.
Most of the decisions made in economic matters were originated by the conceptions left by Joseph Stalin, and only different changes were made in the 1953 and 1987 years. Its programs were based on strategies used by five years and per year, where the State Planning Committee formulated the guidelines.
Then these were sent to regional planning bodies as economic objective units to be used by industrial companies and state and collective farms, each of them had specific production objectives. The assumption was that if each unit towards each of its activities perfectly, demand and supply would be compensated.
The government was the one that supervised that these goals or objectives were met, so their responsibility was from top to bottom, they had more than 70 government ministries and committees that were responsible for a production sector and had to supervise all activities all activitiesof the same. All established policies were fine in theory, but in practice the balance between the sectors of the economy was not ensured.
The State was the one that assigned prices in the market and these were only an accounting instrument, prices were established for all goods and services but so that the product was within its plans and did not apply to other economic means. With a priced market established, there were too many complexities, a bread had a price below what the kilo of wheat cost.
The food of the cattle was too expensive and many farmers bought bread to feed the cattle since its price was lower. The homes were not abundant and the prices of the rentals were too low too, and they did everything to have a social equity, as well as the Soviet industries that worked with oil, gas or coal, they managed to achieve their raw material at irisal prices comparedWith the price they had worldwide, which created losses for the state.
This system worked for seasons and its industrialization after the war caused it to develop not only in its industry but in its defenses which made it become a superpower. When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 he began to make attempts to reform the country in a process known as Perestroika (restructuring).
But it was a fairly large challenge, when Boris Yelsint replaces them, there was a 180 -degree turn to develop the economy again to a market where prices were determined by the same market and not by the government.
Yeltsin two main objectives were established: the first stabilize the macroeconomy of the country and the second to make an economic restructuring establishing a transition from centralized planning to a market economy.
For them, adequate and above all monetary fiscal policies should be established that would help promote the growth of the economy with stable prices and establish an exchange rate. To achieve the new exchange rate, commercial entities, banks, establish private properties and legal codes for the new commerce should be created.
Conclusions.
For this new Russia to open up to markets and foreign trade and especially investment with other countries in the world, they were of an important help to achieve their new goals. Gorbachev could not perform this goal, and when the Soviet Union falls and with Yeltsin, the macro economy began to stabilize and the restructuring began, by 1996 the changes began to be noticed.
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