University of Costa Rica
Introduction
The National Plan for the Care and Prevention of Violence against Women in Relations and Familythe prevention of domestic violence and extra-family sexual abuse and the Second National Plan for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women in Relations and Family as for Sexual Hosting and Violation.
Likewise, this public policy is managed by the National System for Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women and Intrafamily Violence, which is coordinated by the National Institute of Women (INAMU), given to this situation, all instancesthat make up the system will have responsibilities in the different strategic actions of the plane and its action plans based on its particular competences. According to this, the responsible institutions are: the Ministry of Public Education, the Ministry of Justice and Peace, the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Culture and Youth, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security,The Ministry of Housing and Human Settlements, the Ministry of Planning and Economic Policy, the Costa Rican Social Security Fund., The Mixed Social Assistance Institute, the National Learning Institute, the National Board of Trustees of Children, the National Council of the Elderly, the National Council of People with Disabilities, the advice of the young person, the University of Costa Rica,The National University of Costa Rica, the Technological Institute of Costa Rica, the Judiciary, the State Distance University, the Ombudsman’s Office of the inhabitants of the Republic, however, for the elaboration and formulation, the Costa Rican Institute of Masculinity also intervened, a coupleand sexuality, in addition, of the Technical Secretariat of the National System for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, the Feminist Network against Violence against Women, the Feminist Information and Action Center and the contributions of the expertInternational, Doctor Miguel Lorente Acosta.
Developing
It should be added that this public policy was born from the increase in violence against women in recent years, because according to the latest specialized survey on violence against women, 57.7% of surveyed women reported having been the victim of Alless an incident of physical or sexual violence at some point in his life since he was 16 years old. This situation ignited the alarms of the entire population, visibility of a social problem of negative affectation, which requires a collective solution, allowing such a problem to be immediately introduced into the actions of the authorities, through the government agenda.
The public policy under study is developed in context in which despite the fact that progress has been made in the visibility, recognition and prevention of violence against women there are great challenges towards a structural response of women’s protection and a change in theCultural field.
Example of this, is that during the period from 2017 to 2019, the Deputy Prosecutor’s Office of Genus A registered 60 femicides in total . As can be seen in Figure 1, during 2017 and 2018 the number of victims remained constant, however, a decrease has been seen during the months in 2019
Likewise, according to the Observatory of Gender Violence Against Women and Access to Justice in the period from 2014 to 2018
A total of 95,783 new cases were received in criminal prosecutors for adults for crimes contemplated against the Law on the Penalty of Violence against Women (LPVCM). The 5 main causes presented to the Public Ministry for crimes contemplated in the LPVCM and representing 97.31 % of the total cases entered in the period 2014 – 2018, were, in order of prevalence: abuse (38.02%), breach of a protection measure (32.34%), offenses to dignity (16.01%), threats against a woman (10.22%) and heritage damage (0.72%).
This highlights, the constant violence and threat that women live in the country and which, in addition, must comply with stereotypes and prejudices that the Costa Rican patriarchal society has imposed them. This situation reached the point that in 2018 President Carlos Alvarado saw the need to sign a decree establishing national emergency violence against women the Government of the Republic decreed of national priority interest the prevention and attention of violence against women women(…) Following different cases of violence that have been presented in Costa Rica
As a consequence of this situation, the Judiciary, approved during 2018, a high -level commission with representation of internal and external instances to said power, which aims to analyze and propose improvements in the attention of complaints for violationto the Law on Penalidation of Violence against Women.
Likewise, during 2018 the INAMU established the national policy for effective equality between women and men in Costa Rica 2018-2030, which responds
to international commitments to human rights and effective equality, based on the conventionality ratified by Costa Rica that protect women’s rights;in particular the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and, in the Inter -American Convention to prevent, sanction and eradicate violence against women, as well as declarations, agreements, platforms on the subject, and the objectives ofSustainable development, which aims to have no one behind in development.
It can be inferred that the situation of women in previous years was not better, so the National Women’s Institute was forced to create a national plan for the attention and prevention of violence against women of allAges, this can be made visible in the statistics and data that the public policy itself offers, example of this, is that during periods prior to the implementation of public policy, the country already presented a high femicide rate, which can be consideredThe most serious consequence of violence against women.
Table #1 allows to observe the gradual increase of femicides in Costa Rica, comparing this data with those obtained during the 2017 to 2019 period, it is concluded that although there is no significant decrease, there is also no increase, there is an increase,It achieved that it can be attributed to the management of the National Policy for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women of all ages Costa Rica 2017-2032.
There are also data (table # 2) that show that there is a need for accompaniment of women in situations of violence, a situation that comes to protect public policy under study, mainly given to decentralization and regionalization that allows us to helpwomen of different parties of the country and of different socioeconomic conditions.
It should be added that this public policy has as a general objective that the Costa Rican State and the country can advance equality in the eradication of all forms of violence against women, this public policy has six structural axes which establish the specific objectivesof public policy:
- Promotion of a non -macho culture: to promote in the population of Costa Rica non -stereotyped perceptions of women and men based on principles of non -violence, equality, egalitarian relationships, respect for women’s body, dignity and recognition and valuation of differences.
- Promotion of masculinities for equality and nonviolence: to promote in children, adolescents and young men, the development of competences for the exercise of masculinities for equality and non -violence against women in prioritized cantons.
- Articulation of Public-Private Initiatives of Social Development to disconnect multidimensional poverty, exclusion and violence against women: increase the access of women affected by violence in conditions of poverty, vulnerability and exclusion, to articulated economic and social development programsand in the long term that contributes to the achievement of their economic autonomy, with special emphasis on adolescent women, mothers adolescents and mothers with children under 5 years old.
- Effective protection, real access, due diligence, sanction and non-victimization: increase the access of users affected by violence to public services that guarantees them: effective protection, due diligence, sanction, repair and non-victimization.
- Prevention, Comprehensive Care and Nonvictimization Against Sexual Violence: Increase the access of women especially girls, adolescents and young women affected by various forms of sexual violence to specialized services
- Femicide prevention: increase women’s access at risk of femicide to institutional and community and protection community resources and services.
In relation to the target population, this public policy focuses directly on all women in Costa Rica, whether girls, young or adults. On the other hand, the public policy under study also indirectly encompasses adolescent children and men, this with the objective of intervening at an early age about the identity construction processes and with the specific purpose of their active participation in the deconstruction of machismoand violence against women
From the strategic objectives and actions established in the public policy under study, we hope that the effect or impact on the Costa Rican society is:
Promote a non -macho culture, the rupture of social and intergenerational transmission cycles of violence against women, non -impunity and due diligence in the response of the Costa Rican State for the progress in the eradication of this violence and as a requirement for thefull human development of women and society.
It is important to emphasize that the regulatory and institutional framework of the National Plan for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women in Relations and Family Relations as for sexual harassment and violation is based on the National System for the Attention and Prevention ofviolence against women and domestic violence which is coordinated by INAMU.It should be added that the monitoring commission and the Technical Secretariat will be the two technical instances of the highest level of the system responsible for attending to the design, implementation and monitoring of this national policy and its action plans.
In that sense, the superior political-institutional authority of the system is the National Council who must guarantee the formation of the ministerial level and exercise the necessary leadership and political conduction, focused on the achievement of results. The fulfillment of this aspect falls directly to the Governing Council, an instance that by law must receive the annual accountability reports and guide future work, as well as political agreements of the highest level that viable compliance with the planvi.
conclusion
Although public policy seems to be well formulated, its management presents some weaknesses, an example of this is that despite the fact that the public policy under study has not been carried out for two years, an evaluation of work or scope is not carried outof this policy, which limits knowledge about itself direct improvements in public policy or if the institutions are fulfilling their functions within it, this goes hand in hand with the deficiencies around mechanisms and instruments to haveupdated, centralized and officially issued information issued by the institutions, since there is a lack to verify the actions reported by them.
In that same sense, the National Policy for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women of all ages 2017-2032 progresses slowly in the prevention of femicide, because despite the fact that it is based recently, notsignificant changes have been seen in the number of victims.
Likewise, another of the problems presented by this policy is that since there are multiple actors and mechanisms, there seemsThere is an integration that allows the scope of a common objective, hence the importance of the development of projects that in a coordinated manner integrate into different institutions and are executed in previously selected local spaces with indicators susceptible to measurement This situation would allow a better impact on thepopulation.
Bibliography
- Angorita, N and Guzmá, C (2015) Public policies: notes notebooks. Barranquilla, col. : Editorial Universidad del Norte.
- Guzman, L and Sagot, M (2004) National Survey of Violence against Women. University of Costa Rica: Research Center in Women’s Studies.
- INAMU (2017) National Policy for the Attention and Prevention of Violence against Women of all ages Costa Rica 2017-2032 . National Women’s Institute.
- INAMU (2018) National Policy for effective equality between women and men in Costa Rica 2018-2030. National Women’s Institute.
- INAMU (2013) Accountability report period 2012-2013 progressing from de facto de facto Women’s Institute.
- High Level Commission on Gender – Gender Violence Observatory. Costa Rica Judicial Power. (2019).
- Penalty Law against Women – Observatory of Gender Violence. Costa Rica Judicial Power. (2019).
- Valverde, R (August 14, 2018) Government launches decree with 40 actions to combat gender violence. University Weekly.
- Judicial Power will strengthen attention in cases of Law on Penalty and Violence against Women – Observatory of Gender Violence. Costa Rica Judicial Power. (2019).
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