To see how the changes are during sleep
Introduction
According to Guyton, it can be defined as a state of unconsciousness where a person can be raised by sensory stimuli. At present, to better understand what is the latency, duration and quality of sleep describes the Borbél regulation model
- Homeostatic process (s): This is the obligation to sleep and this is related to the life time.
- CIRCADIAN PROCESS (C): It is the one that has control over the sleep-life of the biological clock
For people to rest correctly it is estimated that they should sleep 6-8h during the night. In a study by the European Heart Journal they identified that both sleeping too much and sleeping little brings consequences of health especially heart problems, this study was conducted at 116632 people from 7 different regions.
Developing
To see how the changes are during sleep an electroencephalogram is used that this measures the eye movements, muscle volume. Through this method, 2 stages of sleep have been identified. The first called Nrem dream and is known as superficial dream because the person can be easily awakened, this stage consists of 4 phases:
- N1: In this phase people are tired in a state of drowsiness, with a little awareness about the surrounding environment. Both ocular movements and motor activity spontaneously become slow.
- N2 and N3: The somes of the sleep, and the K complex appear in the electroencephalogram, and the K complex. There may still be eye movements. Breathing becomes normal. This stage includes 50-60% and this increases with age.
- N4: In this phase it is recognized by the appearance of delta electroencephalogram waves. It is known as deep sleep and includes 15-20% of the dream.
Dream Rem:
A: In this phase it starts after 90-120 minutes. If the person has a dream of 7-8h the nrem and REM stages are interspersed or repeated 4 to 6 times.
During this stage, memories are eliminated that are not of great relevance or are not important, leaving only relevant memories. This stage includes 20-25% of sleep time.
Physiological modifications during sleep
Cardiac system/SNA: There is a decrease in sympathetic activity in Nrem dream and parasympathetic activity rises.
Gastrointestinal System: While people sleep the swallowing, saliva production and esophageal motility decreases.
Renal System: During this stage there is a greater absorption of water by decreasing glomerular filtration and raising renin absorption.
Endocrine system: throughout the day the secretion of hormones has its maximum point during the 24h, each follows a circadian pattern and are directed by the biological clock.
- HG: for secretion it depends totally on the dream in the N3 phase of the NREN with a duration of 1.5-2h.
- PROTECTINA: Like GH is secreted during sleep having a peak between 5-7am.
- Adrenocortopine and cortisol: they are modulated by sleep has a peak of secretion between 8am.
- Melatonin: These hormones are activated at night because they are sensitive to light, having notable values in children under 3 years and decreasing with age.
- Insulin, Grelina, Leptin: During the night there is an increase in glucose, I know the secretion of leptin and decrease in caleline.
- PTH: secretion decreases during the night.
SLEEP DISORDERS
Insomnia: the person’s inability to reconcile the dream having the opportunity. You can identify the primary insomnia that there is an abnormality in sleep mechanisms, and a follow -up that relationship with clinical or psychological picture.
Narcolepsy: People have irresistible sleep episodes for a duration of 5-30min.
Alterations of the circadian rhythm: it is the inability to sleep in the sleeping at established schedules due to the change in the rhythm of the sleep.
Sleep quality
The quality of sleep in each person is different because we do not know if we are facing people who have a bad or good sleep quality, this may be related either by sleep alterations, having little duration. So the quality of sleep refers to the amount of hours that the person sleeps during the night.
In order for alteration in sleep or poor sleep quality, there are various factors that can alter the same being, genetics, stress, medication, environment, or the use of the Internet. In order to determine the quality of sleep objectively, 2 questionnaires will be used: Pittsburgh Dream Quality Questionnaire and Epworth Somnolence Questionnaire.
Pittsburgh questionnaire
To identify people’s sleep quality, it can be assessed by Pittsburgh’s sleep index created by Daniel Buysse, validated in the year of 1989 in Pennsylvania. This questionnaire consists of 24 questions distributed in 7 components that they evaluate, the quality of subjective sleep, duration, latency, efficiency of sleep disturbances, use of medicines and dysfunction during the day.
- Subjective Quality: It is known in a quantitative way how long the people’s dream lasts
- Latency: begins since the person predisposes to sleep.
- Duration: The depth of the sleep qualitatively measures
- Dream disturbance: conditions that do not let people sleep.
- Efficiency: Relationship between the amount that the person sleeps with the episodes that wakes up during the night.
- Use of medications: medications that induce a deep sleep.
- Diurnal dysfunction: problem that is able to reconcile sleep.
conclusion
This questionnaire measures the drowsiness that the person has through 9 questions, where he puts the person situations in which he can be sleepy during the day. In the situations that put people through this survey they are: if you are sleepy while reading a book, watch television, while traveling, while lunch, and while waiting for some public transport. Each question is valued with a score from 0 to 3 according to the drowsiness that the person has in the situation that is proposed.
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