Theories and approaches of current international relations in Spain
Throughout history, there have been various efforts to interpret and analyze the phenomena of international reality, such as those developed in the western world, which have adapted their postulates in order to persist as dominant theories before the changing processes of theinternational relations. That is why, in this essay, it is intended to reflect on the relevance and validity of the various theories, both global and partial, as well as various approaches to international relations today.
The emergence of new theories has led to the most complex analysis in the involvement of other actors and institutions that play an important role in the international context, it is here that the new perspectives of the realistic current explain the actuality of international relations, being one ofThe currents that pay for realism, and that also attach to American actions in the current system, neo -ReUse of international institutions to obtain greater influence, as shown, in the United Nations Organization through the Security Council and NATO, attached to the policies of President Donald Trump.
Therefore, there is no direct form of intervention towards other states, but making use of economic and political deterrence. For example, in the case of Latin America on migratory issues, in Europe, economic policies and with China commercial tensions, as has been the case with Huawei. Therefore, financial institutions such as BM, IMF and WTO impose sanctions and taxes on other states following the US purposes. Therefore, it is no longer a direct threat, it goes to a deterrent power when using policies of different kinds and does not use direct military intervention.
Likewise, in terms of defensive realism, understood as the "survival of a State within the international system through security" and offensive realism about its military capacity, it can be reflected in the migratory barriers imposed by Donald Trump to make aGeographic division that safeguards its territory, protecting its internal structure and considering that it has an advantage in the arms and technological development. In addition, recently, United States actions have been aimed by the exit of nuclear weapons treaties, confirming both offensive realism, for the use of its military weapons and the test of new non -nuclear missiles, and defensive realism, to stay alert to alertAny threat that violates your safety. Also, it is pertinent to mention the case of NATO that through their member countries maintain a support within the international military system and at the same time there is a legitimization of their interventions towards countries in the Middle East and Latin America, having the support of the organizationIn case of a failure in the softpower (diplomacy), hardpower (military weapons) is used (military armament).
In addition, constructivist realism and hegemonic realism remain in force and under construction today. On the one hand, hegemonic realism, part of economic power in this case by retaking China and the United States both of the greatest economic powers;The United States, being threatened by the second Chinese economic power, imposes sanctions to stay as an economic hegemon. And constructivist realism, understood as the "establishment between the study of power in international politics and the study of international relations as a social construction", demonstrated in the constant creation of international institutions and participation of civil society.
On the other hand, certainly liberal theories and neoliberalism are in force and intimately intertwined in current international relations, and we can distinguish them, within the analytical focus of liberalism, through the relationship of the plurality of international actors: states, organizations and international institutions , private businesses; which are the dynamic base of the current international system; and that at the same time, as we can see in the Davos Economic Forum, the relationship between states and institutions; underlining "the regulatory role of institutions that within institutional liberalism" are accentuated; These are the ones that create regulations that regulate and maintain an apparent harmony to avoid worldwide conflicts and generate international cooperation, but, all in favor of the interests of the states and as such of their elites, from there the decisions are made References to the issues of international agenda, what relationship to sociological liberalism, the newly great influence and impact that social organizations, civil society and public opinion have certainly, in order to change or break paradigms and structures of values and principles, referring to various Agenda issues such as: Environment, migration or abortion; They really impact the decision -making process and international law as such; What Moravcsik calls ideational liberalism.
We can, in some way, identify that this action of international actors is negotiated under apparent equal profits among the states, however, there are always interests that end relative profits, where the liberalism of interdependence sets stands, since any “action“ actionand interaction of each actor, affects the rest ”, in this case to civil society, social groups, and as such poor countries;That relationship between center-periphery mentioned by the world system.
There are liberal democracies, Canada, for example;That according to Republican liberalism, it promotes the resolution of controversies by peaceful means and perform what Kant called "peaceful unions";that allow the development of structural liberalism through the “hegemony and democracy” relationship between the different powers that maintain security and determine the conditions and world -refound conditions, by the hand of the effectiveness of commercial liberalism, since of thisIt is up to maintain economic structures or lead to an imbalance in the international system itself, as Brexit did in the European Union;Because of Interestatal Cooperation and Harmony.
After all and in the line of neoliberalism, we can observe that the interests of the states, mainly of the powers and sub-powers, will always be present in decision-making, using cooperation to their benefit and legitimize their actions through theinstitutions, which will moderate anarchy and maintain the current world order.
Similarly, historical materialism, as one of the currents of critical theory, thanks to its main method of historical structures or "framework for action", continues to be relevant to the study of international relations, since it takes into accountThose forces such as ideas, material capacities and predominant institutions in a given period, this has allowed to determine and explain the changes in world orders, for example, the changes perceived in the international political and economic system, such as globalization, theChanges post cold war, as well as the changes after the terrorist attack 9/11 that marked, in its own way, the international order.
However, relativism has denied the possibility of creating objective and verifiable truths about the world, but the need to develop empirical approaches, led to creating approaches that clarified "the issues of world politics", so, approaches such as the theoryCriticism and postmodernism, have allowed to describe international reality. On the one hand, critical theory has tried to clarify certain elements of world politics, questioning the existing order, such as in the peripheral wars between the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, but also, it keeps present theCognitive, technical and practical interests of a society, highlighting the impact of social forces that are currently framed in social movements such as Arab spring or the fight for rights of the LGBTI community, and environmental movements such as the protest against Monsanto in 2013. While this theory intends to unmask ideologies, its main obstacle continues to be the possibility of possible alternatives to said order.
On the other hand, the postmodernist approach is considered lasting today, not by allowing international relations itself, but, by questioning or deconstructing the various theoretical contributions to international relations, through genealogical analysis of the concepts, which haveallowed the evolution of them, or through the search for alternative readings, since postmodernists establish that it is not possibleIf you allow "to illustrate how textual and social processes are connected".
Finally, transnationalism is undoubtedly one of the theories with a lotsame and economic situations that lead States to behave in a certain way, for example, the impact of transnationals through direct foreign investment, the imposition of economic measures by organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, and even the impact, in recent years, the proliferation of terrorist attacks around the world.
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