The use of microorganisms, enzymes and other cellular components for contaminating degradation
Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that has gained much importance in recent years. It is about using microorganisms, enzymes or other cell components to degrade pollutants in the environmental environment.
When we talk about environmental pollution, we refer to any alteration that physically, chemically and biologically to its quality. A series of strategies or methods have been used in OS that microorganisms transform toxic compounds such as pesticides, heavy metals and contamination with phenols.
The phenol or hydroxybenzene is an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group attached to a C6H5 benzene ring and is classified as an alcohol. That is, it is an aromatic compound. The phenol is naturally formed as a result of natural processes and biosynthesis of plants or by decomposing organic matter.
Some compounds are abundant in nature and are associated with color of flowers, fruits and in some amino acids. However, others are synthesized by the human being. This compound is used in many industries to produce polycarbonate plastic, pesticides, insecticide, explosives, dyes, textile production, medications, perfumes, among others. These compounds are known for their high short and long -term toxicity in animals and humans.
The phenols act as carcinogens which cause harm to the red blood cells and the liver. In the presence of phenols in ecosystems they are related to the production and degradation of pesticides, emission of gasoline combustion gases from motor vehicles and domestic or industrial wastewater. Therefore, it is important to reduce their concentrations in the environment through bioremediacion.
Many microorganisms are able to degrade phenol using aerobic or anaerobic routes. It has been identified that the enzyme Hydroxylase participates in the Aerobics of Phenol Degradation.
This enzyme catalyzes phenol conversion to catechol. On this route, the enzyme Hydroxylase uses oxygen to catalyze the addition of a second OH group in the ortho position of the other hydroxyl group. This reaction needs NADH2 and, as a result, 1.2 dihydroxybenzene (catechol) is obtained. Catechol degradation can occur on two routes: the Ortho B route, in which the aromatic ring is cut between hydroxils by the enzyme catechol 1,2 dioxinase and its product becomes an intermediary of the Krebbs cycle. The other route is the goal. In this, a ring of the ring occurs, close to the OH of the catechol. The 2,3 dioxigenase catechol transforms the catechol to the semi-air-fydolo hydroximucy, which also becomes an intermediary in the Krebbs cycle.
It has been found that there is a great diversity of hydroxylase fenol within microorganisms. Example of these are the pseudomonas. Pseudomonas are a gender of gram negative bacteria that have been identified by their abilities to degrade toxic compounds such as heavy metals, pesticides, phenol, among others. Other organisms with the ability to degrade phenols are acinetobacter.
Therefore, the FENOL HYDROXILASA GEN will be selected to analyze and compare the sequences of this gene in different organisms capable of degrading this compound. Several species of pseudomonas will be selected, which will be analyzed in Clustal W. These sequences will be performed a phylogenetic analysis and a phylogenetic tree will be built to visualize the evolution of the gene and its divergence in the different organisms. After this, the sequences will be aligned to generate a universal first for 20 organisms.
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