The liberal revolutions: advances in history
The liberal revolutions were the actions that marked a revolutionary outbreak. In three great absolute monarchies of the old regime. These are the United States, England and France. These are divided into periods in which there were advances, however, there were also setbacks for the introduction of new ideas.
One of the three great liberal revolutions that happened, was the independence of the United States of America. The declaration of independence of e.AND.OR.OR. It was July 4, 1776. Although the independence of this metropolis was not recognized
Until 1783. Here there was an advance since a Constitution was written in which the assurance of the separation of powers was written. The most important advance of this revolution. Another advance was sovereignty. This term defined as the ability to decision on power falls on the people. In summary, the most important concepts was the introduction of the first Constitution and the separation of powers and above all the republican government. Another advance of the American Republic was from the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, press, expression, and the right to be tried by a jury. Slavery was also eliminated.
Another of the three great liberal revolutions that happened was in England. The real power was limited by the two cameras of Parliament. The monarchs for this reason needed the authorization of both to approve taxes or simply to declare a war. First in the seventeenth century, there was a setback since the estuardo dynasty tried. In the first stage there was an advance since Carlos I proclaimed a republic but nevertheless 11 years later his son Carlos II restored the monarchy under the control of Parliament therefore here they had a setback. In this monarchy a cabin of going since habeas corpus was approved. In the second stage they had an absolutist policy of Jacobo II so a second revolution was triggered but or an advance since the Parliament offered the crown to the Dutchman Guillermo de Orange in which he was forced to swear the declaration of rights of Bill of Rights. It is limited the powers of the monarch and submitted some decision to Parliament. From the monarchy of Guillermo de Orange there were advances. Since all power does not fall on the king. The greatest advance that was in the 18th century since the principles of separation of powers and the elaboration of laws were in the hands of El Parliament.
And the third great revolution was the French revolution this was a period divided into three stages.
The first stage was the constitutional monarchy. It passed between 1789 and 1792. The great advance of this era was the attempt to turn France into a parliamentary constitutional monarchy by abolishing the two pillars of the old regime. Therefore it is attempt at constitutional and parliamentary monarchy was a great advance. Another advance was the declaration of rights of man and citizen that recognized individual freedoms in addition to the equality of all citizens before the law. A constitution was also promulgated based on the separation of national sovereignty powers and legal equality. However, in this Constitution, the king had the right to veto and established the census suffrage, therefore the vote only possessed the privileged with a certain level of wealth.
Another advance was the formation of the Legislative Assembly, in order that it will prepare new laws to implement liberalism. This implanted taxes to the nobility to solve financial crises. A setback from this first period was that in mid -1791 Austria organized an army to invade France and Louis XVI joined the Austrians. In order to restore absolutism.
The next stage of the French Revolution was the Social Republic was between 1792 and 1794. The Republic remained in the hands of the Girondinos, these was the most moderate sector of the bourgeoisie. One of the advances was the masculine universal suffrage this was the right to vote regardless of the wealth of a person. Due to the execution of the King, this caused alliances the European monarchies with which they formed an absolutist coalition against France since in this country the counterrevolutionary revolts broke out starring the former privileged groups. A year later the Jacobins that was the most radical sector of the bourgeoisie, took the power of the revolution and entered its most extreme phase. At this time a new constitution was promulgated in which was popular sovereignty and the right of social equality. Regarding the division of powers the executive was in the hands of Robespierre. This of The Executive Power was a setback since he was a extremist Jacobin leader. The greatest recoil of this period was the impulse of terror policy since it is punished with prison or death in the guillotine to all who opposed the government this was the suspicious law. That is why in 1794 a coup d’etat will end the Jacobino government.
The third stage of the French Revolution was the conservative republic that lasted from 1794 to 1799. An advance was that the moderate bourgeoisie again took control of the revolution and cell. One of the setbacks of this period was that no directory lived without stability since he had to deal with the aristocracy because he wanted to restore the monarchy and recover the ancient privileges supporting the return of the Jacobins. That is why in 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte starred in a coup d’etat that ended the board.
Napoleon gave a coup d’etat since he had the support of the bourgeoisie. A setback of Napoleon’s power was the personalist and authoritarian government and since the new political system did not contemplate the separation of powers or included a declaration of rights. The setback occurs because freedoms were very limited. But one of the advances was the signing of a concordats to restore relations with the Church.
Thanks to the Napoleonic Empire, large European monarchies were defeated and he became crowning emperor by the Pope. The defeat being a few days out. But nevertheless between 1814 and 1815 Napoleon met with the Austrian Chancellor in the Vienna Congress in order to end liberal ideas and restore absolutism in Europe that this was a setback. Another setback was that in Vienna the ideological principles of restoration were established, that is, legitimacy, denial of national sovereignty, balance between the great powers and the right of intervention. Because of this in 1830 there was another revolution since the Vienna Congress did not respect the liberal principles. An advance was that Carlos X was overthrown to the absolute monarch and this revolution placed Luis Felipe de Orleans as a new constitutional monarch that was an advance since he was the citizen king.
The emergence of liberalism helped expansion in many territories of nationalism that defended Europe against absolutist empires. In 1848 the awakening of the nations that were subject to the great nationalist empires that were accompanied by the desire to build new liberal governments, therefore this was an advance since the people wanted to change.
In France this Second Republic had great advances since there was universal masculine suffrage press freedom abolition of the death penalty and some workers’ rights began to recognize. Thanks to these ideas, the 1848 revolution was the appearance of democratic ideals identified with the basic precepts of liberalism, that is, the concept of national sovereignty census suffrage and with the principle of popular sovereignty also proposed collective rights, that is, the meeting andassociation. All this were great advances.
Leave feedback