Suicide And Its Categories As Social Problems

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Suicide and its categories as social problems

In this text, definitions that some authors have on the conception of suicide are analyzed, in addition to this, a tour will be made throughout history to observe the conceptions that were, then, the suicide of children, adolescents and teenagers will be addressedolder adults and their risk factors, additional, figures of this social problem in Colombia are mentioned, and finally, its preventive factors.

Suicide is an “act to cause death voluntarily or deliberately” (Nizama, 2011), and 3 aspects mainly intervene: suicidal desire, suicidal idea and act as such.

Lopez, Hinojal, and Bobes (1993), mention in their text, "suicide: conceptual, doctrinal, epidemiological and legal aspects", the conception of Durkheim about suicide, he considers that it is “all death caused directly or indirectly byan action or omission of the subject, carried out consciously ”.

Additionally, he mentions three categories of suicide:

1. Selfish suicide: it is characterized because it is presented in widely individualistic subjects, do not tolerate the demands of social life and its rules, there is no interest in social actions. It can be presented in individuals with physical or mental illness or in those who have suffered deprivations or losses of loved ones.
2. Altruistic suicide: there is a high relationship with social situations, it achieves a cohesion of collective principles and purposes, they have a high sense of duty, which leads to being involved in collective situations, they feel useless in a way, they follow patterns of those those of those those patterns of those.that are located at the top of the hierarchy, there is a perspective that suicide is an act worthy of respect or meritorious.
3. Anomic suicide: It occurs in those individuals who have suffered strong crises regarding their religious, social or ethical values, or deprived of a certain type of orientation, is presented in a large percentage in divorced individuals or in those who present failed family relationships, societiesPermissive have more risk that their individuals are classified in this type of suicide, than those that belong to more severe and rigid.

Perez (199), mentions that suicide "goes from the ideation of its different expressions, through threats, gestures and attempts, to suicide itself" . The thought to carry out this action presents different forms of presentation:

• The desire to die: ideas that focus on the disinterest of living, do not know why they are in the world, there are thoughts such as: "Life does not deserve to be lived, I must die".
• The suicidal representation: imaginary of committing a suicidal act: "I have imagined that I hanged me".
• The idea of self-destruction without action planning: there is no clear idea of how the suicidal act will take place, however, there is a desire to do it: “I’m going to kill myself, I don’t know how, but I’m going to do it".
• The suicidal idea with an undetermined or nonspecific plan still: there are different thoughts of how they are going to commit suicide, from the taking of pills until they are burned. “I’m going to kill myself in any way, hanging on me, throwing me in front of a car.. etc".

• The suicidal idea with adequate planning: it is also known as a suicide plan, a deliberate process is carried out where all possible factors analyze so that there are no mistakes or opportunities for failure: “I have thought about hanging myself in the bathroom,While my wife sleeps ".

Next, based on what Lopez, Hinojal, and Bobes (1993) mention, the concept of suicide in ancient Greece, Rome, China, England, Italy, and Spain will be discussed, also addressing the idealwho possessed Christianity about this social problem.

In ancient Greece, some aspects of suicide that stand out are:

• It was ambivalent.
• Act that generated persecution.
• Corpse considered unworthy, could not be buried in a cemetery and its upper limbs were amputated and buried apart.

The Stoics, allow a change of mentality, stating that in some cases, living was considered undesirable, so suicide must be launched when life is not supported and is painful.

In Rome, there were courts where those who possessed suicidal ideas were heard and depending on their speech, the suicide event could be accepted or denied. Both in Rome and in Greece, due to a concept on some occasions insult and obligatory for the suicidal act, public places were created where it was carried out, these were known as CEOS or Marseille.

In China and Japan, suicide was considered a matter of honor, who were followers of confusion, made a collective suicide with more than 500 followers when their books were destroyed.

In England, in the eleventh century, whom suicide committed, he was mutilated, and was buried with a stake crossed in the heart, it is until the nineteenth century, where funerals are considered but not always and in them, there were no religious rites. Voluntary death was censored by all religious authority, since it was considered that God was the only one who had the right to decide the end of man.

In the mid -nineteenth century, suicide was considered more as a tragedy than as an incorrect or irresponsible act.

In Italy, suicide is considered serious if it occurs effectively and if the age of suicide is 14 years or less, or is mentally ill, additionally, who helps to commit the act, is blamed with the same penalty corresponding to voluntary homicide.

In Spain, it is also important to analyze the role that the subject plays who helps another to die, when an external agent, helps the suicide until the case of personally provoking death, are punished as murderers, and to whom they help or induce the subject toCommitting the act, your grief has a minor degree.

The vision of Christianity about the suicidal act, initially tolerated is in certain circumstances, however, there is a change of thought, because they consider life as an appreciable good and a gift from God and it is he who can decide when theend of a life, then, they firmly oppose suicide.

San Agustín and San Aquino, qualify it as an unacceptable act, placing it as a form of murder, the natural law of God was fundamental, where it says that it is he who is responsible for giving and removing his life.

Suicide through different cultures, has been understood more frequently as a criminal act, a great fault that faces the social world, a gesture considered a defective homicide or act of aggressiveness that must be condemned and reprobated, such as Lopez, Hinojal, andBobes (1993), mention that "taking their lives means …, wanting to subtract one’s own duty, quite painful and intolerant, to live".

Perez (199), mentions the suicidal problem in childhood, commenting that, "childhood is considered, in general, as a stage of happy life, in which suicidal behavior cannot be present", however, suicideIn children it is a phenomenon that is increasing although in many countries they are not reported as such, but as accidents.

Some of the risk factors at this stage are:

• Family context: parents too young or counterpart, mature.
• Difficulties in training and prenatal control.
• Psychiatric disease of parents.
• Violence at home and on the child.
• Family history of suicidal behavior.

The family context in which the child develops, is the main risk factor towhich causes psychological affectation, increasing the risk of suicidal desires and acts.

Another important factor is the age of the parents, because when they are too young, there is a psychological and biological immaturity generating repercussions on the child, especially the care and education of this. On the other hand, when the parents are too mature, there may be lack of energy to perform adequate breeding for the child, and additional, there may be an overprotection that limits adequate development.

The difficulties in training and prenatal control refer to a discipline and responsibility that parents must possess in the face of birth, when there is no presence in the controls and is undened by the state of pregnancy, or does not show responsibility in future parentingof the minor, can demonstrate possible affectations in the life of this because if from the beginning there is no interest can be evaluated that it will be the future.

Psychiatric diseases of parents, especially those who lead to antisocial behaviors or are emotionally unstable, affect the raising of children because this will be transversality due to these diseases, additional, they are carriers of factors such as maternal depression, paternal alcoholism or schizophrenia,that children can possess and take them to commit suicidal acts.

Violence at home and on the child and family history of suicidal behavior, refer to the situations that the child lives at home and regarding the relationship with their parents, a broken home, with frequent discussions or fights, mistreatment betweenParents or against the child, manifestations of rejection, among others, can cause suicidal ideas in the child as an act to "leave" these situations. The family history of suicide can cause imitation learning in the child, believing that this is normal behavior, and this situation can be aggravated if in school they find colleagues who replicate this behavior, then, similar to this action they go to actsSuicides.

Cervantes and Hernández (2008), mention that "adolescence in a period of the development of the life cycle with a lotSome of the risk factors are:

• Cultural and sociodemographic factors.
• Family factors and previous negative aspects, such as:
• Too many regulatory, coercive or permissive environments.
• Alcohol abuse or substance consumption.
• Bad or little intrafamily communication.
• Easy access to firearms.
• Adoptive families.
• Constant changes of address.

The family social climate is decisive to forge the personality of adolescents, when there is a low socioeconomic status, little educational level or unemployment, the chances of committing suicide, are greater. Individuals who grow in environments with these characteristics usually have little adaptation to social life and the values and rules that are created, therefore, build different mentalities and live unconventional situations for adolescents, therefore, when notThey feel satisfied with the reality in which they live, they usually analyze suicide as a way to get out of despair or tunnel vision they present. Another important factor that leads to suicide, is gender nonconformity or identity issues related to sexual orientation, increase suicide probabilities, if they develop in a homophobic society.

The absence of family warmth, lack of communication with parents, and family discord are risk factors that must be analyzed, since there is limitation in learning how to solve problems and this can lead to the adolescent does not possess the basesnecessary to battle with the stressful and depressant events that can be presented in their daily life.

Impulsivity, antisocial behaviors, low frustration tolerance, ambivalent relationships with their parents, teachers or friends, unstable humor, irritability, among others, are cognitive and personality styles that can lead to suicide probability.

Velasquez (2013), mentions that in the population over 60, the important risk factors are “… Being man, viral events such as loss of the couple, divorce and widowhood”, other determining factors are: death of loved onesand relatives, chronic diseases, which lead them to painful or disabling situations or are considered as terminals, excessive use of drugs, social isolation by rejection of their relatives, abandonment or obligation to live alone because they do not have sufficient support,Because, their loved ones are immersed in their activities and forget that the elderly requires special care and high time dedication.

Pérez (1999), in his text, "suicide, behavior and prevention", he mentions that "suicide occupies a place among the first 10 causes of death in the statistics of the World Health Organization", in the world they commit suicideAt least daily 1.110 people and hundreds of thousands try. Other data, mention that suicide is the main cause of death among the age group of 15 to 29 years.

Brígida (2015), mentions some important suicide rates in Colombia, these are:

• During 2015 there were 2.068 suicides, 10% more than in 2014.
• Between 2006 and 20015, 18 were presented.618 deaths from fatal self-inflation lesions.
• 80.03% of the victims were men, for every woman who suicide was 4 men.
• In 2015, 48.74% of suicides were aged between 15 and 34 years.
• Couple or ex -partner conflicts, physical or mental illness and economic problems, were the main cause that led to commit suicide.

Additional, Mejia (2018), talks about the following figures:

• In 2017, suicide increased 10% compared to 2016.
• Between 2008 and 2017, 19 were presented.977 suicides.
• Men represent a higher percentage of suicide than women, represent 81.49% and for every 10 women who end their lives, 44 men do it.
• The single or without conjugal union population is attributed 58.23% of suicide cases.
• 35.91% increased suicides of children, adolescents and young people, from 582 cases in 2008 to 791 in 2017.

According to a report by the Territorial Health Directorate of Caldas, the suicide rates between the period 2005 and 2014, presented high peaks in the years 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009, then descend, and in 2013 they present the lowest rates, with 4.4 % per 100 thousand inhabitants.

In relation to Caldas, between 2005 and 2015, there are suicide rates in women, however, these have low levels in 2012 and 2013. This department is the fourth of the country where high suicide rates are presented, in 2016, 66 suicides and 356 attempts were presented.

Cervantes and Hernández (2008), comment that suicide prevention, focuses mainly on the recognition and early intervention of factors such as: mental disorders, abuse of illegal and legal substances, control of stress effects and aggressive behaviors.

Other important aspects to prevent suicide, focus on early education by relatives and teachers about the importance of forging personality, performing physical and psychological evaluations constantly to analyze whether there are possible risk factors and generate an intervention in time.

Suicidal crises lasts hours or days, they are hardly weeks, therefore recognizing it will allow strategies to be created to avoid it.

Access to medical and psychological services by minorities will achieve knowledge by them about the problem of suicide as such and the importance of not performing this act, thus achieving a decrease in their percentages.

The group composed of Andrea, Alejandra and Valentina concludes from what was previously developed that suicide is a social problem that is on the rise and affects all populations of society, without distinguishing age, sexual, economic or religious condition, who possessesThe suicidal idea can have psychological support accompanied by their relatives and close beings to analyze possible alternatives to problems that can present and contemplate that suicide should not be considered as an option since there is no return and it is something that shouldemphasize especially children, addition to this, constant communication with adolescents and the lack of abandonment of the elderly will allow in these three populations, possibly, avoid suicide.

The government through the creation of certain policies, have high responsibility in avoiding suicide, this is a public problem, and the leaders of the State and of each department must ensure for providing training and alternatives for the solution of problems whereAvoid considering suicide as an option.

Bibliography

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• Pérez, Andrés (1999). Suicide, behavior and prevention. Cuba. Recovered from http: // bvs.SLD.cu/magazines/mgi/vol15_2_99/mgi13299.PDF
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• ALZANTE ANDREA, ROMERO ANDRES (2016). Suicide behavior report in the department of Caldas year 2016. Manizales, Caldas. Recovered from http: // observatory.health health.GOV.CO/DESCO/HEALTH/REPORT%20SUICIDIO%202016%20CALDAS.PDF