Studies By Novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Studies by novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne

 What constitutes the essence of effective direction is a group of voluntary followers. The effective industrial leader is dedicated to managing interpersonal relationships at work so that both employee’s satisfaction and the achievement of the organization’s objectives are stimulated both. Hawthorne’s studies were carried out at the Chicago Hawthorne factory, belonging to the Western Electric Company, and 1927 to 1932 were developed to assess how environmental conditions affect work performance. Its author, George Elton Mayo was a great psychologist and sociologist of the twentieth century, whose theories and experiments contributed a more human vision to organizations and work.

May is recognized for his famous Hawthorne experiments, they discovered the important and decisive weight that human value has in a job. One of the elements he tried to investigate was the cooperation of the workers. Allowed them to decide for themselves the way they would take their rest periods. Production increased independently from the quantity or form of rest. The significant thing about these studies is that they opened a new era of psychological research in the industry. What seemed to be a simple problem that required a brief research program, gradually became a more complex one, continuing studies during the following 15 years.

These experiments were responsible for the introduction of industrial psychology to some problems concerning attitudes, communication, management and structure of organizations. Huge methodological advances were achieved in these areas, even refinement of the procedures for the classification and assessment of personnel performance. In addition, the accelerated rhythm of the technological changes that occurred during the war and then led to the formulation of a new area of specialization within industrial psychology: the psychology of man-machine systems (ergonomics). This area is dedicated to the design of the equipment, according to the capacities and limitations of potential human operators.

Hawthorne studies aimed to determine the relationship between working conditions (such as lighting and temperature) and the efficiency of the worker manifested by the incidence of fatigue and monotony. This resulted in a new emphasis on the factor of human behavior on administration. The behavioral approach has notoriously molded how current organizations are handled. From the way in which managers design the work, to the way they work with employee equipment and how they communicate. Many of today’s theories of motivation, leadership, group behavior and development, as well as other behavioral issues, have their origins in the conclusions of Hawthorne studies.

The first indisputable conclusion was that the increase in performance was due much more to the improvement of the morals and enthusiasm of the workers, and only secondarily to the other modifications made in lighting, work rhythms, payment methods, etc. Applied to management, we can note that the mitigation of fatigue can be focused in various ways among which are included: (a) the use of appropriate procedures for the selection and placement of the personnel, (b) Modifications of the duration of the periodof work and introduction of authorized rest periods in the program, (c) improvement of certain environmental conditions, including lighting and ventilation, as well as the reduction of abnormal noise and vibrations, and (d) modifications of the methods and equipment ofworked. Due to the nature and consequences of monotonous activities, corrective measures for boredom are different from fatigue related. Boredom can be remedied to a certain degree assigning employees congruent work with their interests and capacity. In addition, information for employees regarding the relationship between their particular work and the whole of the industrial operation should be included in the training program. Among other approaches to boredom mitigation are: the extension of the work space, the rotation of jobs, the authorized rest breaks, the music and the payment of bonuses to increase productivity. Among the qualities that are required in the bosses especially at the intermediate levels, it is essential to "know how to hear". Therefore, it should be encouraged that workers have freedom to expose their views in everything that concerns their work. The mere fact that the lower ones can express their ideas, improve their collaboration and, thus, their performance.

References

  • Brannigan, a., & Zwerman, W. (2001). The Real "Hawthorne Effect". Society, 38 (2), 55-60.
  • Robbins, s. P. & Coutler, M. (2010/2014). Management. Mexico: Pearson Education of
  • Mexico, s. A. of c.V 

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