Space Race, Nasa Apollo Program

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Space race, NASA Apollo Program

 

There are several reasons why World War II came to an end, to talk about the space road, we must highlight the fall of Germany due to the intervention of the United States and the USSR, after this defeat, the allied countries located in EuropeThey enter a reconstruction stage due to the bombings and military ravages of that time, promoting that both the United States and the USSR are imposed economically due to their success after the war. On the one hand we have the Soviet Union with its communist economic system and on the other hand, we have the United States with its capitalist system;For the 50s, a conflict between both powers was known as the Cold War was born. This "war" consisted of demonstrating for both blocks that its economic and ideological model was better through weapons and technology;In this decade and its next, there was a constant fear of a third world war related to the use of atomic bombs.

As a consequence of this cold war, the space race arises, as its name says, it is a competition to see who comes first to space and later to the moon. Both powers began to live a certain paranoia, in these years there is a strong espionage by both sides, the world was inclined to control where the one that had the greatest military potential the espionage satellites began to sound like something feasible, in addition tothat if ships or an object were built to reach the moon or space, therefore pumps, missiles and more weapons of mass destruction could be built without any problem.

Artificial satellites

At the beginning of the fifties, astronautics had ceased to be a science that only interested a few, in 1949 the creation of an International Astronautic Federation was proposed, it would be made up of all the societies of the different countries interested in spatial issues in spatial issues, by 1950 the first meeting of this countries was held in Paris. The objectives set by the Federation was to study the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, facilitate the exchange of technical and scientific information, as well as interest the public in all matters that had a relationship with space. In 1960 the first communications satellite was launched, the Echo I was a passive satellite, and by 1962 the first active communications satellite was launched, the Telstar I, creating the first international television link.

At the end of World War II, I take advantage of the experience of a good squad of German technicians from Peenemünde, the Baltic Base, where they provided them with the means to work on the development of new rockets, on the other hand the Soviet Union, made a launchof probes aimed at the upper layers of the atmosphere in 1946. Both countries developed from the rocket as a war element was very accelerated for the two countries;These set out to orbit an artificial satellite, by 1957, the first country to achieve this was the USSR, on October 4, 1957 with Sputnik 1, becoming the first artificial satellite put by man, this began the era of space.

This caused in the United States something called the Sputnik crisis. At this time the average American had the thought that his country was the economic and technological leader, therefore, this event caused such an impact on people that there was crisis and fear, many people thought that by mid -seventies, United Stateswould join the USSR. The next month on November 3 the Sputnik II was launched, with the first living being the famous dog Laika, this trip was a complete success except for a detail, they did not have the return of this, so he died up there. Thus, the decision is made in the US to invest in exploration projects, in higher education to generate new generations of engineers and physical, for July 29, 1958, NASA is created. Almost four months after the launch of the Sputnik, the explorer I by the USA is put into orbitspace. The United States was going through a very important crisis, although the scientific community was amazed by these technological advances there was also a tension environment, the fear of a possible annex to the Soviet Union was real.

The world’s first spacecraft with a man on board, the Vostok, was put into orbit from the Soviet Union on April 12, 1961. The space navigator that piloted the Nave Vostok was a citizen of the USSR, the greatest Yuri Gagarin. For the 1961 world this was an electrifying announcement, made while Gagarin was still in space. The Americans were stunned, although the congratulations they sent to Moscow were authentic there was already a state of crisis by the Americans. This historical 108 -minute flight, a single orbit around the earth, made Gagarin the first human being in space and an international hero, was only 27 years old and his feat was surprising at that time.

Manned missions

Since 1957 we worked with the Mercury project that was the predecessor to the Apollo programs, 7 astronauts for Mercury missions were selected: Alan B. Shephard, Virgil I. Graysom who died in the fire of his last mission: Apollo 1, Gordon Cooper, Walter Schirra, Deke Slayton who was separated from the project by a heart condition, John Glenn and Scott Carpenter. NASA hastened to put an astronaut in space and, in May 1961, Alan Shepard becameThe first American to orbit the earth, thus repeating Yuri Gagarin’s feat. At that time the Soviet had already launched 48 orbital missions and Valentina Tereshkova had already become the first woman in space. The great advantage of the Soviets made John F. Kennedy in 1962 made one of the most important ads of the twentieth century saying: ‘We chose to go to the moon. Not because it’s easy, but because it’s difficult ’.

On September 12, 1962, John F. Kennedy said that EUA would go to our satellite before the decade ended. Kennedy delivered this speech at the Rice University, in the middle. The Cosmonave Vostok ceased to be used on manned flights to give way to the Voskhod and Sojuz types, more sophisticated and with greater capabilities, the ingenious design of the Vostok has been used as the basis for several models of artificial satellites, some of which stillThey provide service, such as Foton type recognition satellites, used since 1985.

Korolev had planned more Vostok missions with larger durations, but after the announcement of the NASA Apolo program, the first secretary Jrushchov demanded more first positions. The first flight with more than two crew, the Voskhod 1 of the USSR, a modified version of the Vostok, took off on October 12, 1964 carrying Komarov, Feoktistov and Yegorov on board. This flight also marked the first time that a crew did not carry space costumes. The Americans after designing the plan that would take them to the moon through orbit couplings, began their first essays. The first space meeting took place between Gemini 6 and Gemini 7, both American ships, on December 15, 1965. His successor, La Gemini 8, made the first spatial coupling on March 16, 1966. The first automatic spatial coupling hooked the Soviet ships Cosmos-186 and Cosmos-188 (two SOJUZ without crew) on October 30, 1967.

The Apollo missions and the sojuz flights

The year 1967 was dramatic for the two superpowers. The designs of the new ships that would serve to go to the Moon, the American Apollo and the Soviet Sojuz. In the United States, the first astronauts who died during direct participation in the space trip or their preparation served in Apollo 4: the virgil commander ‘Gus’ Grissom, Senior pilot Edward White and the pilot Roger Chaffe. They died in a fire produced during a earth test on January 27, 1967. The flights of the Sojuz 1 and the Soviet Sojuz 2 also resulted in the death of Cosmonauts. The Sojuz 1, put into orbit on April 23, 1967, was manned by a single cosmonaut, Colonel Vladimir Komarov, who died when the ship crashed after his reentry on earth.

On October 26, 1968, the Sojuz 3 was launched, piloted by G. T. Beregovoj, who remained 4 days, having an approach with the Sojuz 2. The Sojuz, was launched on January 14, 1969, launch broadcast on Soviet television, the Sojuz 5 leaves the next day;Both were coupled for 4 hours and 35 minutes to subsequently resume their flight autonomously, with this coupling the Soviets set up their first experimental station being a success being a success. Meanwhile to the United States with Apollo 5, in 1968, the first lunar module was held in orbit, and Apollo 6 constituted the second test of Saturn V, that same year tests were also tested with Apollo 7, it would be the firstmanned mission, various drills were performed in terrestrial orbit, ending exist, so NASA decided to change its plans a little, so the next 3 apolos became evidence, the Apollo 10 served to rehearse the general moon landing, thus being thusThe Apollo 11 who would arrive for the first time to the moon with crew on board.

After the moon landing, the public’s interest for Apollo 12 decreased. Mission in which they alunized in the sea of the storms, finding a stone with contemporary formation to that of the solar system. A total of 6 space missions arrived at the Moon and 12 astronauts walked on it, Vosho the last one, Eugene Cernan, did so in December 1972. The Apollo 17 that alunicized in the Montes Taurus region ended the human research program on the Moon and the Apolo program.

The Apollo 11

By 1967 there were already about 400,000 people working on Apollo programs and about 25 billion dollars had been spent at the end of only the Apollo program. On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11, manned by the Neil A astronauts to. Armstrong, Edwin and. Aldrin and Michael Collins, CCSSON transferred to the ship to proceed to its subsequent launch, for July 21, 1969 the North American mission Apollo 11, places the first men on the Moon: Commander Neil Armstrong and the pilot Edwin E. Aldrin. The first to step on the moon is Armstrong, who while descending the stairs activates the television camera that will broadcast images to everyone. Once this is done, he describes Houston what he sees, and when he stepped on the ground at 2:56 of July 21, 1969 (UTC International Time), says one of the most remembered phrases in the history of science and humanity: ‘This is a small step for a man, but a great leap for humanity’. Live images are followed on television for about 600 million people. The gaze of each of these viewers focuses on Neil Armstrong by putting their left foot on the lunar surface. The figure was a record of absolute audience for 12 years, until 1981 when the wedding of Princess Diana de Wales with Prince Carlos summoned 750 million people before televisions.

The fourth mission of the Apollo manned flight series, begins the human exploration of the moon. Astronauts travel the terrain for more than two hours collecting 22 kilograms of soil samples and lunar rocks and installing scientific instruments for earthquake detection, solar particles and a laser reflector. Both astronauts display an American flag, not without some difficulty to nail it on the selenite soil and initiate a telephone conversation with the president of the United States Richard Nixon. 

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