Sociological analysis of the media in Spain and the treatment of television crimes
INTRODUCTION
The object of this work focuses on the study of the origin of Telebasura in Spain. To do this, we will reflect on the different existing media groups in Spain from the beginning of the transition to democracy until today; Likewise, it will be reflected on the role of Telebasura in public and private chains during that same period of time and it will be analyzed how the media treatment of both the crime of Alcàsser has been, and of crimes after this that have also had a great public impact : Marta del Castillo, Diana queer, Laura Luelmo …; Finally, we will reflect the state of public opinion regarding these issues.
Analysis of existing media groups in Spain from the beginning of the transition to the present
Due to the amount of media groups that have existed in Spain throughout history, to perform an analysis of them, we have decided to focus on those media that gave more importance to police events and investigations. "During the last 25 years of the twentieth century, from Franco’s death in 1975 to 2000, the event information was changing both in its formal aspect and content in the written press and especially in the treatment of the television medium" . With the transition to democracy, this journalistic specialty began to offer a more human and progressive approach to the event. Already in the 70s there were some newspapers and specialized magazines: the case, crime and punishment (1972/1976) and Stop (1974), together with the magazine why, which ceased to be published in 1975. These newspapers and magazines were focused on investigations of criminal and police issues. On the other hand, in 1970 Spanish Television began broadcasting research, although this program disappeared in 1971. In the 80s we found in the investigation journalism numerous reports that denounced cases of police corruption, drug trafficking, crimes or accidents.
In the first place, "the case continued to be the most popular and largest newspaper with hardly any competitors," however, after celebrating 35th anniversary in 1987 it declared bankruptcy and disappeared. Consequently, some general information magazines, such as: Interviú, Change 16 or time, occupied outstanding spaces with events of events. In addition, Gimlet magazine that was a police and mystery went on sale. Second, public television began to broad. Thirdly, on the radio: RNE began issuing in 1989 the program The Law of the street focused on police and prison issues; In addition "new radio companies also appeared in Spain and, as of 1990" (Jones). Subsequently, in the 90s, in general information newspapers such as ABC, already, newspaper 16 … the space dedicated to events of events was reduced.
However, in 1991 the Claro newspaper that included numerous shock events and headlines went on sale. In this decade, television became the main protagonist regarding the events, “three new television operators appeared (Antena 3 Television, Telecinco and Sogleble Gesters [Plus channel, payment]” (Jones) (Jones). “Antena 3 launched is sought (1995-96) or the method by two. TVE issued Code 1, Direct Dossier (1998) and so are things (1997-2002); The second stage of the 2 series The crime footprint was broadcast in 1991. A large audience program was who knows where?, presented by Paco Lobatón in TVE-1 and dedicated to solving cases of missing persons ” .
Already in the 21st century we highlight the appearance of two specialized magazines: so are things (2002/2007), which tried crimes and cases of human disappearances; and Fiat Lux (2013/2016), his style revolves around narrative journalism, 33591504804410 Black efficiency and the red chronicle; In addition in 2016, the Magazine El Caso went on sale again, already mentioned above. “In the television format, specific programs for events of the current period are what the dead of TVE-1 told me, research team that broadcasts the sixth since 2011, behind La Verdad launched for 13 TV in 2014, Police Analysis Unit that Antena 3 issued in 2014, but it had little duration; o Open file, Documentary Series of unsolved crimes issued by Mega in 2016 ”. Finally, add an interesting fact and that is: most of both the media groups and the shareholders of these table 1 main media groups in Spain throughout history.
origin in Madrid or Barcelona.
The role of telebasura in public and private chains during that period of time. (Transition-News)
Telebasura: term that refers to the set of vulgar and low quality television programs.
This phenomenon appeared in the US.UU in 1980 and in the rest of the world in 1990. Focusing on our country, the Spaniards are world leaders in Telebasura according to an article published by El País.
In the time of the transition only two channels were known; TVE1 and the 2, were chains dedicated to entertaining and informing the Spaniards and very restricted not to say that it was almost directed by the government that was then, especially TVE 1.
Telebasura began in our country twenty years ago with the event of Alcàsser’s crimes, which as almost all Spaniards know, deals with three minor girls who went out to have fun to a disco and back home, they made were kidnapped and finally raped and killed. On this occasion television did not want to inform, we also wanted to participate in history. In fact, Nieves Herrero, a recognized journalist, identified him as "the night that telebasura was born"
“According to a study published by the Sociological Research Center in June 2010, seven out of ten Spaniards considered that television programming had little or no quality in relation to this type of programming. One of the most criticized channels is usually Telecinco."
Telecinco was born in 1990 when its official transmission was carried out and today remains a chain present on our televisions. This chain is labeled as Telebasura and this creates some controversy since presenters such as Javier Sardá, Jordi González or Jorge Javier Vázquez, do not want to see it as such, so many debates have been generated.
“Grima think that there is enough television audience to feed the recovery of characters that live from nothing, dedicated to selling their life and muttering that of others in the form of unpleasant gossip and disputes because that is what gives the screen share. They have nothing more to offer, but it works. The audiences are enormous thanks to insult, grotesque attitudes, to the exhibition of bad taste and the exaltation of the shabby without any elegance. Is there not enough public for mature public programming that has alternatives to some programs, including New Year’s Eve?"And really, that is the role that telebasura has, entertain people with absurd things to hide reality at least for a few moments, and at the same time return to ignorant people and slaves of this means of communication with absurd transmissions and for Nothing didactic or informative, it is simply an entertainment that could at the same time be seen as a waste of time.
Currently, with the birth of other chains that could be considered Telebasura the graphics suffer a great change:
Thirty years after Alcàsser there is a generalized consensus that the media treatment of the case was shameful. The morbid approach to the facts, the publication of all kinds of rugged details contained in the autopsies, the permanent insinuation that "if they had taken more precautions" the girls could have run another luck and the terrible exposure of the family members of the family of Victims to public scrutiny cause stupor seen with perspective.
Alcàsser told how we have previously adjective as morbidly, because the victims, once again, were analyzed to satiety as possible “responsible” for their own misfortune: from how they were dressed to whom he was the most beautiful of the three were relevant to The media of that time.
The famous interventions of Nieves Herrero and the disasters of the Pepe Navarro program are constantly present in the book of Barjola, but the extreme example of the rhetoric of "punishment" materializes in a paragraph of the book that Fernando Martínez Laínez wrote about the Case in 1993: “They could have walked a little more, they lac. It is a trend of the victims to a minimum effort (shortening for a field, to trust a stranger, make hutop, belittle the night) is what favors the action of the murderers ”.
The most progressive editorial media and public chains have incorporated in recent times protocols for the correct treatment of this information. For example, the guidelines for RTVE professionals in this regard are the following:
- Avoid women’s models that injure their dignity; two. Respect the identity and pain of the victim; 3. Identify the aggressor; 4. Not to confuse morbidity and social interest; 5. Extreme precaution in the use of sources and data; 6. Monitor the use of testimonies close to the aggressor or the victim; 8. Control the use of adjectives and topics; 9. Avoid the narcotized effect; 10. Give useful information for victims.
But has the way to deal with this type of rugged cases in the media really changed? “There has been an advance in the idea that there is a structural machismo, but Alcàsser’s scheme is constantly reproduced. Many media continue to build the story by putting responsibility for women ”. Just a few months ago a prestige medium titled a case of gender violence.
Examples such as:
- The murdered in Vinaròs was dismembered and buried by dressing clothes too short. A few weeks later, her boyfriend confessed to being the author of the crime.
- Barjola recalls this other recent headline: a woman loses an ear in a wild sexual assault in the Rambla. She did not lose it: a man who had raped her was cut her.
Something to keep in mind is empathy when working something that many workers do not have since they put their job purposes ahead, respect tact when taking this case, being one of tragic murder which flooded and continues to flood panic in the whole country.
This is not an isolated case since there have.
"The means of the media should be more critically analyzed and changed by society, since if it did not accept it, tragic stories such as bait would continue to be used to have greater audience than the competing chains". CITATION RAQ19 L 3082 (Peláez, 2019) BIBLIOGRAPHY
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