Prostata cancer and obesity as a risk factor
Introduction
The biological mechanisms that link westernization with a higher risk of prostate cancer are not clear. However, the hypothesis that the greatest prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome that result from changes in lifestyle associated with westernization, such as physical inactivity and greater intake of fat and meat in the diet, can explain part of the increase in rates in Asian populations. The evidence of the relationship between obesity and prostate cancer is not conclusive, and there are limited data available on the association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer.
Because obesity is becoming a pandemic problem and the world population is aging, it is necessary to clarify the impact of obesity on the risk of prostate cancer. This review presents the current perspectives on the relationships of obesity and metabolic syndrome with the risk of prostate cancer, discuss the reasons for inconsistencies between studies, offers information on possible biological mechanisms and suggests addresses for future research.
This project must be approved to surely define if an obese person is more likely to have prostate cancer.
Developing
To consolidate and evaluate the evidence of an epidemiological link between obesity and PCA, in addition to examining the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms.
Prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in American men, behind lung cancer. Around 1 man in 41 will die of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer can be a serious illness, but most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die from this cause. In fact, more than 2.9 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point are still alive today.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men, except skin cancer. This year, approximately 174,650 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. Approximately 60% of cases are diagnosed in men over 65 years. The average diagnostic age is 66 years;The disease is rarely presented before 40 years. For unknown reasons, the risk of prostate cancer is approximately 60% higher in black men than in white men.
Most prostate cancers (90%) are when the disease is limited to the prostate and nearby organs. This is known as the local or regional scenario.
The 5 -year survival rate tells you what percentage of men lives at least 5 years after cancer is. The percentage means how many of every 100. The 5 -year survival rate for most men with local or regional prostate cancer is almost 100%.
For men diagnosed with prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, the 5 -year survival rate is 30%.
Prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in men in the United States. It is estimated that this year will occur 31,620 deaths from this disease. However, the mortality rate has decreased by more than half from 1993 to 2016. The individual survival of a man dependent on the type of prostate cancer and the disease stage. At present, there are almost 3 million survivors of prostate cancer in the United States.
More than 40 studies, including prospective and case and control studies, have examined the role of obesity in the etiology of prostate cancer. In most studies, obesity is defined as an BMI> 30 and overweight is defined as an BMI> 25. In 2001, Nomura reviewed 10 prospective studies and 12 cases and controls that evaluated the role of BMI in prostate cancer and concluded that the evidence is little conclusive. Since then, 14 prospective studies and 6 case and control studies have tested the hypothesis that obesity is related to a higher risk of prostate cancer. The largest prospective study, which included 950,000 men and 33 314 cases of Norway prostate cancer, reported an excessive risk of 9% prostate cancer among obese men (95% IC: 1.04, 1.15), with a more pronounced risk for men who were obey at the age of 45 [relative risk (RR) = 1.58;95%CI: 1.29, 1.94]. In a recent meta -analysis that included data from 31 prospective studies and 25 case and control studies, the general risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer related to the BMI in adults habitual was 5% risk for each increase of 5 units of BMIs(95%). IC: 1.01, 1.08) based on 22 prospective studies and an excess risk of 2% (95% CI: 0.96, 1.08) based on data from 21 case studies andcontrols, with a grouped estimate of 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01, 1.08) (8). The risk estimates of this meta -analysis were based on both the incidence and mortality. When the prostate cancer stadium was considered at the time of diagnosis, the general risk of advanced cancer was higher (RR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.23). Together, these data suggest that a higher level of the usual BMI in adults leads to a positive modest effect on the risk of total and advanced prostate cancer.
Problem Statement
In contrast to the confusing picture in the incidence of prostate cancer, there are conclusive evidence that obesity is associated with the aggressiveness, progression and mortality of prostate cancer. The positive association consisting between prostate cancer mortality and obesity is due in large part to the fact that mortality studies are generally larger (> 3000 cases) and include mostly aggressive cases, which reduces heterogeneity ofthe cases;Mortality is less affected by screening practices. The results of developing countries, where prostate cancer detection is less common and prostate cancers are generally diagnosed at a more advanced stage, have been more consistent and support a possible role for obesity in cancer mortality of cancerprostate. Keep in mind that in the most recently published prospective study, Wright et al did not report BMI association with low -grade cancer, but a positive association with mortal prostate cancer. The combined RR for prostate cancer mortality associated with the BMI was 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14, 1.38). The positive findings in mortality studies, together with the mostly void results in studies on the incidence of prostate cancer, support the hypothesis that obesity can have a differential effect in different subtypes of prostate tumors (high high gradeand low).
Project description
Although obesity has been systematically related to a greater risk of several malignant neoplasms, including colon cancers, biliary gallbladder, kidney and pancreas, its role in the etiology of prostate cancer is still difficult to achieve. The data on the association between obesity and the incidence of prostate cancer are inconsistent, and in some studies, obesity is associated with an increase in the risk of high -grade prostate cancer but with a decrease in the risk of tumors of tumorslow grade. In contrast, obesity has been systematically associated with a higher risk of aggressiveness and prostate cancer mortality. The differential effects of obesity in the subtypes of prostate cancer suggest an etiological heterogeneity in these tumors and complex interactions between androgenic metabolism and several putative risk factors, including insulin resistance, diabetes, inflammation and susceptibilityGenetics, about the risk of prostate cancer.
Data on the role of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in the etiology of prostate cancer are limited. It has been shown that obesity is associated with a low -degree chronic inflammation state, and insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are associated with adverse metabolic profiles and with higher circulating concentrations of markers related to inflammation, including leptin, leptin,Interleucin 6 and the tumor. Α necrosis factor, many of which have proven to improve tumor growth.
Therefore, if obesity and metabolic syndrome modulate the risk of prostate cancer through chronic inflammation should be more thoroughly investigated. Since the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is increasing throughout the world and that the world population is aging, the functions of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the carcinogenesis of prostate. This is why there is a huge need to be able to say with certainty if obesity could cause this type of cancer.
conclusion
In the intentional sampling procedure, which is what I will implement, the researcher chooses the sample based on who believes it would be appropriate for the study. The main objective of intentional sampling is to reach a sample that can respond properly to the objectives of the investigation. The selection of an intentional sample is often done by applying the expert knowledge of the target population to select a sample that represents a cross section of the population.
One of the main disadvantages of this method is subjectivity, since another researcher is likely to obtain a different sample when identifying important characteristics and chooses typical elements for the sample. Given the subjectivity of the selection mechanism, intentional sampling is generally considered more appropriate for the selection of small samples of a limited geographical area or a definition of restricted population. The knowledge and experience of the researcher who performs the selections is a key aspect of the success of the resulting sample. A case study research design, for example, uses an intentional sampling procedure to reach a particular study case and a given group of respondents. Key informants are also selected through this procedure.
Bibliography
- Gong, z. (2006). Obesity, diabetes and risk of prostate cancer: results of the prostate cancer prevention study.
- Freedland, s. (2007). Obesity and prostate cancer: understand the apparently conflicting data.
- Hsing, a. W. (2007). Obesity, metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer.
- Hallot, e. (2012). Obesity and prostate cancer: weighing the evidence.
- American Cancer Society. (s.F.). Prostate cancer risk factors.
Leave feedback