PHOTO PROCESSES AND CELLULAR BREATHING
In the field of what biology is, since it is known, there have been many questions and issues of interest that, with the help of research, most already have an answer or solution. Others are yet to be discovered. Two issues which could be said that they already have a solution and that it is already law because it is written in science, are the processes of the famous photosynthesis and the process of cellular respiration. Photosynthesis in summary accounts is the process that green plants pass to "eat". Cellular breathing is a metabolic route that breaks glucose and produces ATP. These two issues will be studying more thoroughly below.
Meaning of photosynthesis
The word photosynthesis or rather your word in English "Photosynthesis", comes from the sum of three parts of Greek origin. Photo is synonymous with "light";Syn is "with" and methods can be defined as "conclusion or position". What is photosynthesis? Well, photosynthesis is the process by which green plants "eat". That is, it is the metabolic process by which green plants convert inorganic substances into organic substances by separating oxygen due to the transformation of sun energy into chemical energy by chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis is the change of inorganic matter in organic matters due to energy comes out of light.
The light energy is transformed into stable chemical energy, the ATP (adenonín trifosphate) is the first molecule in which chemical energy is deposited. After this, the ATP is used to synthesize the most firm organic molecules.
Tson chloroplasts in polymorphs (which can have several forms), green by the presence of the chlorophyll pigment and characteristic of plant cells, and this is in charge of the realization of photosynthesis. Inside this structure there is an internal zone called strom.
Chlorophyll is the most important green pigment (present in vegetables, some algae and bacteria), which absorbs the sunlight rays giving the plant the energy necessary to process organic products necessary for the development of their vital activities.
Thanks to photosynthesis, life on Earth could be extended millions of years in evolution and continue through the centuries until today, thanks to the fact that this process gives the necessary food to heterotrophic organisms, it provides biomass, it providesfossil fuels and produces the necessary oxygen for the respiratory activity of all multicellular organisms and some unicellular organisms.
Structure
Photosystems are two protein compounds that are related to pigments, this means, they are a group of several proteins that bind to molecules that attract and absorb the energy of light. There are two types of photosystems: photosystem L and photosystem ll. In each system two parts differ:
- The antenna: It has photosynthetic pigments that can only collect light energy and to take it to the reaction center.
- The reaction center: that is where are the Diana pigments that are able to carry the electrons and start the chain of chemical reactions of photosynthesis.
In chloroplast is the necessary mechanism for the process of photosynthesis in plants.
In eukaryotes, photosynthesis reactions are in a specific plastic that is specialized that is chloroplast. The plastids are unique organelles of the plants, made by two membranes, the internal membrane and the outer membrane.
The tilacoid and algae tilacoid membranes have two types of chlorophyll. Alpha chlorophyll that is in all reaction centers and antennas, and beta chlorophyll in the antennas. Each reaction center can have up to 250 chlorophyll molecules.
Process
The photosynthesis process is divided into two phases:
- Luminous or photochemical phase: It passes in the tilacoidal membrane of chloroplasts, here the energy of light stimulates the productivity of energy power in the form of ATP and the reducing power in the form of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide phosphate) that will give the necessary electrons forAchieve ATP. This phase is dependent because it only happens when there is light.
- Dark phase, carbon fixation phase or Calvin cycle: it passes in the stroma of chloroplasts, the ATP and NADPH energy obtained in the light phase cause the formation of organic matter through inorganic substances, the dark phase is independent sinceIt does not need light, although it can also be done with light.
Likewise, glucose is the result of photosynthesis.
The factors outside, which intervene in photosynthesis are: the intensity of light, temperature, lighting time, lack of water, carbon dioxide and air dioxide concentration.
The organisms that have the capacity of photosynthesis are the autotrophs, in this group there are also the bacteria that do chemosynthesis since they ensure atmospheric CO2.
Photosynthesis is an oxide-biological oxide process, that is, a transfer of electrons from a donor to a receiver.
The molecules that acquire the light are called pigments. When a pigment absorbs a photon, it goes from its least energy state to an excited state. The excited state is nothing more than the jump of an electron from a position close to the nucleus to a higher energy level in the case of atoms. In the molecules, there are two types of states: single and triplet.
Cellular breathing
The word breathing comes from the Latin "breathe" that is divided into two parts, "re" comes from a repetition and "Spire" which means blowing. Breathing is a biological function of living beings that is the entrance of a gas and the exit of it in another way. On the other hand, the cell is the basic unit of living organisms that have the capacity for independent reproduction. Following these definitions we can define then what cell breathing is. Cellular breathing is a group of biochemical reactions that sucks in most cells. In other words, cellular respiration is the group of chemical reactions by which energy is obtained by the degradation of organic substances, such as sugars and acids mainly.
The breathing of us humans and in the rest of living beings is a function of great importance that is in a few words, the oxygen entry and carbon dioxide output (CO2) in a process that occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. This type of breathing is also called external.
The importance of cellular breathing is as follows: it serves for growth, active transportation of energy substances, movement, cycles, renewal or recovery of cells, protein synthesis and cell division.
Process
Cellular breathing is the process of getting energy in the form of glucose ATP. How does cellular breathing occur inside the cell? The process of this is carried out in three steps which are the following:
- In step one, glucose is separated into the cytoplasm of the cell in a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis converts 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. This process happens in the cytoplasm of the cell, and passes in the presence or absence of oxygen (O). Glycolysis is carried out through nine reactions that catalyze nine different enzymes. At the end of the process, from each glucose molecule two from ATP and two of NADH are achieved.
- In step two, pyruvate molecules (the pyruxy acid carboxylate anion) are taken to the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the organelles mostly known as the "electric plants" of cells. In other words, these are in charge of cellular energy synthesis. In the mitochondria, the pyruvate that was transforming into a carbon-2 molecule, enters the Krebs cycle.
- In the third and last step, energy in energy transporters enter the electron transport chain. During this step, that energy is used to produce ATP.
What does the cell do? Cellular breathing products are carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is taken from the mitochondria outside the cell, to the red blood cells and back to your lungs to be exhaled. The ATP is in this process. When a glucose molecule is separated, it can be converted into a total of 36 or 38 ATP molecules. This only occurs in the presence of oxygen.
Krebs cycle
Under the presence of oxygen, in aerobic conditions (part of cell breathing, it occurs in cell mitochondria through oxygen), pyruvate enters mitochondria to move to the Krebs cycle. The second stage of cell breathing is the transmission of energy in pyruvate, which is the energy that first glucose. A small part of ATP is also made in this process. This process happens in a continuous cycle, and it is called that for the person who discovered him is Hans Krebs. This cycle uses a 2-carbon molecule that comes from pyruvate and produces carbon dioxide.
References
- Videos seen for reference. (Photosynthesis) https: // youtu.BE/I7BFQW6-KSO, https: // youtu.be/_qld8tpjoyw
- Videos seen for reference. (Cellular breathing) https: // youtu.BE/EN9ODGD7BYS, https: // youtu.be/wus_yvzww0
- https: // is.Khan Academy.Org/Science/Biology/Cellular-Respiration-And-Fermentation/Overview-OF-Cellular-Respiration-Steps/A/Steps-OF-Cellular-Respiration
- Authors: Julián Pérez Porto and Ana Gardey. Posted: 2010. Updated: 2013.
- Definition.From: Definition of cell breathing (https: // definition.of/breathing-vaulular/)
- https: // www.CK12.Org/Book/CK-12-CONCEPTS-OF-CENCIES-DE-LA-VIDA-GRADOS-6-8-EN-SPEA%C3%B1ol/Section/2.14/
- http: // www.bioencyclopedia.com/photosynthesis/
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