ORIGIN AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Origin of cancer: cancer is a disease that is scary, in fact, it is the first cause of death. There are currently means for healing, detection and treatment. A life expectancy was 45 years ago, so people died of more diseases (plague, cholera) after the development of vaccines, antibiotics, the population saw increases it from their life expectancy. Today is 80 years of age, this comes from the development of cancers, since these occur mainly in a mature and advanced age. The word "cancer" designates more than 200 diseases: each of them carry different names (lung cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, etc.).
Developing
They are all different, but they attack the same thing, to the cells. When genes work correctly, they tell the cells when the time has come to grow and divide. When the cells divide, they make exact copies of themselves. A cell is divided into 2 identical cells, then these 2 cells are divided into 4 and so on. In general, in adults, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them, to replace damaged or age cells. But cancer cells are different. Cancer cells have genetic mutations that have changed the normal cell to a cancer cell.
These genetic mutations can be inherited, develop over time as we get old and genes weaken or appear if we are exposed to something that damages our genes, such as cigarette smoke, alcohol or rays (ultraviolet rays of the sun). The cancer cell acts differently from the normal cell. She begins to grow and divide in a casual way instead of dying when she should. Do not mature as much as a normal cell, so it remains immature. Although there are many different types of cancer, all are formed as a result of the abnormal and uncontrolled development of cells. Cancer can originate in any body cells.
The genetic mutations that occur in cancer cells interfere with the normal guidelines of a cell and can make it grow disorderly or die when it should. Cancer can continue to grow because cancer cells act differently from normal cells. Cancer cells differ from normal cells because: they are divided in a disorderly way;They are immature and do not become mature cells that have specific tasks;They ignore the signs that tell them to stop dividing or die when they should;They do not stick very well with each other and can spread to other parts of the body through blood or the lymphatic system;
They invade and damage tissues and organs. In the immune system: cancer cells come from our own cells, our immune system does not always know what they should attack them. Sometimes, the immune system knows that cancer cells should not be there, but in general, they do not notice them. Cancer cells can even suppress the immune response, so immune cells do not attack them. It is also frequent that the immune system of people with cancer weakens. This is the case when cancer itself or its treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, affect bone marrow.
Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and when affected by cancer or its treatment, the number of blood cells produced is less than normal. When the number of blood cells is low, the body cannot fight infections very well. There are times cancer can be inherited, but how? Genes are DNA particles that are present within chromosomes in all our cells. We inherit a set of chromosomes of each of our parents so that our cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each person has 2 copies of each gene, one that his mother gives him and the other that his father gives him.
Genetic mutations are sometimes transmitted from a father to a child by the sperm or germ cells of the mother. This is called inherited genetic mutations. Some genetic mutations increase the risk of a person having cancer. These genes are called cancer genes or cancer susceptibility genes. People who inherit certain genetic mutations, such as mutations in BRCA genes, are more likely to develop certain types of cancer. But that does not mean that they will have cancer. Epigenetics and cancer have close links to solve. Both come from epigenetic deregulations.
People who suppress tumors are inactivated by epigenetic changes. (Example: The RB gene, which has the function inhibition of transcription when it is inactivated by epigenetic modifications, leads to a colon bench, gliome) now we will see how cancer cells develops. Cancer cells in final division form a tumor that will be developed. Cancer cells have the same needs as normal cells. They require a blood supply to drive oxygen and nutrients that cells need to grow and survive.
When a tumor is very small, it can grow easily and get oxygen and nutrients from nearby blood vessels. But when a tumor grows, it needs more blood to provide more oxygen and other nutrients to cancer cells. Therefore, cancer cells send signals to the tumor that indicate that produce new blood vessels. This is called angiogenesis and is one of the reasons why tumors grow and become bigger. Angiogenesis also allows cancer cells to enter the bloodstream and easily spread to other parts of the body.
A lot of research is being done on the use of medicines to stop the formation of blood vessels (angiogenesis inhibitors), which causes the tumor to stop growing and even contracting. Tumor cells must adhere to the extracellular matrix, degrade it and penetrate it in the various phases of the metastatic waterfall. This infiltration of the extracellular matrix can be divided into the four steps: separation of tumor cells with each other. Tumor cells remain together with each other thanks to vain adhesion molecules, among which is a family of glycoproteins called Cadherina.
In various carcinomas, an inhibition of epithelial cadherines (E) has been found, which probably reduces the cohesion of tumor cells. Union to the components of the matrix. Tumor cells bind to laminin and fibronectin through the receptors present on their surface. Receptor -mediated union is an important step for infiltration. Extracellular matrix degradation: Once united, tumor cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that degrade the components of the matrix and create pass paths for emigration. In experimental systems, a correlation between the capacity of the different tumor cells can be established.
To degrade the extracellular matrix and its ability to metastatize. Important enzymes in this regard are type IV collagenase. All of them act on a wide variety of substrates, among which are laminin, fibronectin and protein protein centers. Emigration of tumor cells. As soon as the factors are known that favor the emigration of tumor cells through the passages created by the degradation of the extracellular matrix.
In the process, self-conflict of motility and separation products of the extracellular matrix intervene. Once the cancer is developed, it spreads inside the body, as the tumor grows, cancer cells can spread to structures and tissues near the normal tissue next to the tumor. Cancer cells produce enzymes that decompose normal cells and tissues as they develop. When cancer invades the near fabric, it is called local invasive invasiveness or invasive cancer. Cancer can also spread from where it originated from other parts of the body.
This process is called methastasis. Cancer cells can form metastases when they detach from the tumor and circulate to a new location through blood or lymphatic system. Most cancers tend to extend to certain areas of the body. This allowed doctors to design staging systems to classify cancers according to information on the location of cancer in the body and its propagation from their place of origin. Many cancers are classified according to a 4 -stage system that are usually recorded in the form of Roman numbers, I, II, III or IV.
Know how cancer spreads and where do you help doctors to predict how it will develop. It also helps plan treatment and provide adequate support care. Cancer can spread anywhere in the body, but it is more likely to spread the lymph nodes, bones, brain, liver and lungs. Vascular dissemination and settleral cell settlement. In the circulation, tumor cells form plots, adding and adhering to leukocytes and, especially, circulating platelets. The place where tumor plunges nest and produce secondary growth depends on several factors:
The vascular and lymphatic drainage of the primary location of the tumor. The interaction between tumor cells and specific organ receptors. For example, some tumor cells have large amounts of an adherence molecule, CD44, which binds to the high endothelium venules in the lymph nodes, which facilitates the formation of metastasis in them. The microenvironment of the organ or place. Diana tissue could have a non -permissive environment or an unfavorable soil for the growth of tumor sowings. In this sense, a fabric rich in protease inhibitors could resist penetration of tumor cells)."
Despite all this, it is impossible to predict exactly the location of the metastases of any tumor. It is evident that many tumors do not read pathological anatomy books. There are different causes that can affect the human body, and create cancer cells. Very few cancers are caused by a single element. Most seem to be caused by a complex set of many risk factors, but sometimes cancer occurs in people who have no risk factors. A risk factor is a substance or condition that increases the risk of cancer. Cancer risk factors can perform different roles in the development and development of cancer.
Examples of cancer risk factors include: aging, smoking, do not protect yourself from the sun, carry certain genetic changes, overweight or obesity, you don’t have a healthy diet, not doing enough physical activity, drinking alcohol. Be in contact with harmful chemicals at home or at work, have certain types of infections. Over the years, researchers have been able to better understand how cancers appear and develop. They are studying people who are or have been in contact with certain substances, such as pesticides or the sun, for example, or people with certain conditions, such as Lynch syndrome, to know how many of them will have cancer.
This is called the epidemiology of cancer. Researchers are also studying how different substances and exhibitions affect cells and other living organisms. When sufficient scientific evidence indicates that a certain substance or exposure causes cancer, experts will say that it is carcinogenic. In many cases, there is not enough information to say with certainty that something is causing cancer. These substances or exhibitions can be called probable or possible carcinogens, according to the available scientific evidence or the type of evidence that exists. Sometimes, experts can’t say if a substance is related to cancer.
Some families have a higher risk of cancer because family members have a hereditary genetic mutation that is transmitted from parents to children. Some hereditary genetic mutations are linked to a family cancer syndrome (also called hereditary cancer syndrome), such as Lynch syndrome. Around 5 to 10% of all cancers are hereditary. The indices that suggest that a cancer can be related to a hereditary genetic mutation are: that parents were diagnosed with cancer at an early age. Many family members have the same type of cancer or a related type.
When a family person has had more than one type of cancer (such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer). Cancer affects both organs of a couple (such as both breasts, both kidneys or both eyes). Parents have a rare or rare type of cancer. There is more than one case of child cancer in the same brothers (brothers and sisters). When it comes to determining whether the family history of cancer can be hereditary, it is important to know that the relatives of cancer that matter are only those who have blood ties. For example, you can have 2 aunts who have breast cancer, one on each side of the family.
They do not have a blood relationship with each other;Therefore, cancer is less likely to be hereditary than if they were on the same side of the family. There are different types of cancers throughout the body: lung cancer;Pancreatic cancer;Stomach cancer;Breast cancer;Bone cancer;Thyroid cancer;Cervical cancer;Cancer testicles;Colorectal cancer;Melanoma cancer;Prostate cancer there are more cancers, but those above are the most common. There are also more rare cancer than cancer is a mysterious disease. You can’t say exact causes. Today cancer is not a death sentence. You can cure approximately half of the cancers.
conclusion
The three main treatments are: surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy. Surgery is to remove the tumor with an operation chemotherapy is a medication that kills cancer cells. Radiation therapy consists in treating powerful X -ray cancer. We focus these rays on tumors to kill cancer cells. The treatment can work in some people and not in others, so it is necessary to make personalized treatments for each patient. Cancer can return. Treatments also destroy chest cells. People may suffer discomfort, anemia, pain, nausea, hair loss. Despite the growing efficacy of treatments, cancer is a difficult disease to fight.
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