Organized Crime And Examples In Mexico

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Organized crime and examples in Mexico

Introduction

In Mexico, organized crime went from police conflict to a national security due to the increase in violence that is related and, in particular, drug trafficking. The number of violent homicides or ‘executions’ made it a ‘outgoing’ or ’emerging’ problem on the government agenda, but public policies have not shown effectiveness to solve it (Elder and Cobb, 2000; King Don, 1984).

The problem was caused for years through networks of corruption and impunity promoted by links between criminals and authorities, and this has led to high infiltration in government structures, particularly in the Ministry of Public Security (SSP), the Attorney General’s OfficeGeneral of the Republic (PGR) and the state and municipal police;But the situation has also grown by the omission of public policies that will attack the roots of the problem (Villalobos, 2009; Astorga, 2000; Salinas, 2010). In this regard, it should be noted that violence is not the disease, but a symptom of organized crime. It is important to keep in mind that, although violence and organized crime maintain a causal relationship, they are different from each other. This distinction is crucial because it determines the character of the policies adopted to solve them.

Crime examples

• Capital laundering

Illicit money conversion process in legal tender money.

• Cybermula

Subject that collaborates with the criminal groups, of which it collects the benefits achieved by the group organized on the Internet and proceeds to bleach the capital by returning it through legal means to the group in exchange for a commission or salary.

• Corruption

Action that arises when to obtain its own benefit there is an abuse of power. This can be private or public, this last case occurs when it comes to politicians, public employees and officials, who thanks to their condition perform illegal actions to benefit.

• White -collar crime

Crime committed by a person who has a high social status and high respectability because of his position. (Sutherland 1941)

• Mafia

Type of organization whose origin is located in Italy, which exercises power in a specific area through criminal activities.

• Black Market

Eminently economic activity, focused on the sale of illicit products, carried out by criminal groups for obtaining benefits.

• Bribery

Typology of corruption in which to obtain a certain benefit, it is rewarded with goods or money.

• Drug traffic

Sale of illicit substances for lucrative purposes.

• White slave traffic

Women’s traffic or trade, whose purpose is their prostitution.

Main features

By organized crime we primarially understand professional criminals with the following characteristics:

1. Operate for a period. These are not individuals who come together for one or two jobs and then break.
2. They have an identifiable structure and bosses. The structure of the Headquarters varies, but there is a hierarchy and a division of labor within the group. The hierarchy can be centralized, with a pyramidal structure, resembling business, private or public sector organizations, or the bands operate in non -connected networks closely. On other occasions groups usually work more or less on their own and establish cooperation relationships or non -aggression agreements between them.
3. Its main purposes are to medrate with illegal activities. These are actions that would mostly be considered illegal.
4. They use violence and corruption to protect themselves from the authorities or possible rivals, as well as to discipline their own comrades and those who seek to exploit (Bailey & Godson, 2000: 19).

In all three cases, what is worthy of signaling and sanction is not so much a behavior, but an object: the object of ‘a knowledge’, to which relationships, links, operability care; in which economic rationality is the only motor principle for the individual, where only economic ethos is attributable to these subjects that act outside the law. Wilfried Bottke would say it with these words: ‘Organized criminality is a quasi -business activity, which treasures money from illegal sources and reinveys it. When the money is obtained, and therefore uncontrolled in the legal economy, the market is distorted and its competition based on equal opportunities ’(Buscaglia & González, 2005: 262).

Elements that give rise to these delicitial phenomena 

At this time there are people who produce and sell drugs, who kidnaps and charges bailouts, that steals and sells cars, and people who sell weapons. In fact, there would have been a long time ago. Durkheim would say that criminals are ‘a regular agent of social life’ (Durkheim, 1979: 90). But those individuals who today break the law in that way are not the correlation of the statements. They are not ‘natural’, strict and irrevocable the referent named by the nominal phrase ‘organized crime’. The state of the world that generates possibilities for them to kidnap or sell prohibited things is not the condition that made them be called (and fight) as criminal organizations. The reason why they constitute ‘organized crime’, for which the world began to think and, consequently, ‘suffer the apocalyptic threat of criminal networks’, was a series of modifications in knowledge: the appearance of a new positivity, of a new way of making and hearing, which manifests itself in the series of discursive productions that have been quoting here.

There are multiple risk factors that generate crime conditions in Mexico. In general: lack of employment, housing, insufficient salaries, job instability, poor education, crisis in political parties and forms of government, corruption and increasingly noticeable impunity, abuse of power, lack of opportunities, among many more, among many more, that press citizens and predestine a bleak and complicated future.

Some of the factors that give rise to these crime phenomena would be the following:

• Strong demographic expansion.
• Low educational level.
• Poor health situation
• Scarce standard of living.
• Inadequate working conditions.
• Backward social structures.
• Middle class development.
• Poor national integration, essentially in the economic level.
• Awareness in your social reality.
• Scarce national income.
• Weak agricultural development.
• Commercial sector hyperfofia

From the previous list, it is observed that in Mexico the demographic and geographical conditions have been modified, with the consequent effects towards the population, the populations are increasing, which makes the acquisition of employment, housing, public transport and basic services difficult.

On the other hand, there is overpopulation in certain areas and the lack of access to education, or the fact that it is of poor quality or does not give enough elements for the context so competitive on which the current trend has been built. Likewise, jobs with adequate benefits or salaries are lacking, which causes individual, family frustration and strenuous schedules, among other problems. Likewise, social classes have an economic level that goes down; Wealth accumulates in a few and opportunities and resources are not distributed equally. In turn, the development of companies, innovations or projects that are born in small groups of entrepreneurs, without their own resources or stimuli by governments, is difficult.

Implication analysis in public security in Mexico 

Government’s inability to face challenges such as organized crime contributes to the disagreement of society regarding democracy (Godson and Vergara, 2008: 9). Citizens warn in government disability a ‘political dysfunction’ that can lead them to accept the limitation of certain rights in exchange for obtaining better results, which implies approveing ​​the restriction of democracy.

The discredit of government combat against organized crime feeds on institutional weakness, which is evidenced in the inability to enforce the rule of law, allowing high levels of impunity; the implementation of public policies that do not face the causes of organized crime such as poverty and lack of opportunities for the middle class; and the constant discussions between the national political forces that prevent the definition of a agreed strategy (Salinas, 2010; Williams, 2010)

One of the ways of operating organized crime is its infiltration in government institutions to ensure development, which derives in the loss of territorial authority by the Government and generates the so -called ‘Red areas‘ (Villalobos, 2010). The alliance between the authorities and organized crime complexizes the problem and, therefore, its solution does not depend only on the strengthening of police actions (Bailey and Godson, 2000: 14). In this sense, policies to combat organized crime require the development of intelligence and counterintelligence systems that identify corrupt government institutions and provide the State with sufficient elements for an adequate procurement of justice, strengthening the exercise of police action and creation of opportunities for economic and social development.

These criminal organizations are how they use violence because, because they pursue the business, they benefit from the social stability climate and use it as the last resort to achieve their purposes; Unlike gangs, guerrillas and terrorist groups, which make violence a way of life (Bailey, 2010; Godson and Vergara, 2008; Villalobos, 2010; Salinas, 2010). Similarly, these types of organizations use violence to eliminate their competitors and intimidate the authorities, without directly attempting against society – although it is affected by being in the midst of this fight – they rely on gangs and groups of young people , and corrupt police and government institutions, sometimes occupying the void of power that is produced by the loss of government authority.

National Security coordinates the armed forces with the dependencies responsible for public security, under the coordination of the SEGOB. This task is viable because in the sector plans of both institutions the collaboration in the fight against organized crime is established; However, in the case of the PGR and the SSP, for being in charge of the public security policy, they conflict with the secob since it is difficult to determine who establishes the guidelines of the public security policy and how to combine them with National Security. These same obstacles are reproduced by cooperating with the federal entities, because, although the need to collaborate with subnational governments respecting their sovereignty and legal powers, this contradicts the meaning of a ‘state policy’, in which there should be a Single command to organize the actions of the units involved.

Another problem in the design of the policy to combat organized crime is the ambiguity in terms of the tasks that the armed forces perform, to the point that these same agencies have accused and required that they be regulated by updating the applicable regulations. Despite the collaboration strategies between the Federal Government and the Armed Forces, there is no public document that defines what commitment each dependency has, so you cannot transfer a specific responsibility for the SSP, the Sedena, the SEMAR, the PGR and state police, which can lead them to compete with each other instead of participating around a strategy that clearly establishes their responsibilities.

conclusion

Given the imprecision of strategies and ambiguity in the allocation of responsibilities, reconfiguration with clear objectives and a comprehensive plan must be made. The current proposal contains the indispensable elements to combat organized crime, but lacks an adequate intergovernmental coordination; Therefore we can conclude that a new strategy is not necessary but to implement the mechanisms that facilitate cooperation around government objectives.

We can see that organized crime or organized crime on our dates continues to penetrate the authorities of all government levels since these groups continue to operate normally and as long as the government does not regulate and implant more severe punishments and that the laws are more studied by Legislators so that these in turn can implement better actions in the punishments of these criminal groups, and that the police have more preparation and support from the government so that this decreases in the future in our country.

Bibliography

• http: // www.Scielo.org.MX/Scielo.PHP?script = sci_arttext & pid = s0188-76532012000100001
• https: // www.AMC.Edu.MX/Revistaciencia/Images/Magazine/68_4/PDF/68_4_factores_riesgo.PDF
• http: // www.Scielo.org.CO/SCIELO.PHP?script = sci_arttext & pid = s1794-310820090002006