Mysticism Of Femininity: Feminism In The United States

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Mysticism of femininity: feminism in the United States

The United States in the 60s presented a conflicting stage due to expansion in goods and services, the beginning of the Cold War and the current conflicts of the time that generated racial and social segregation focused on civil rights where sexism started, being beingthe woman excluded from the rights of the citizen;This environment was conducive to the emergence of female leaders such as Betty Friedan that driven by civil movements, female vote and sexual freedom for women publishes the article "mystical of femininity" generating great impact on the USA.UU.

So the following question arises;How does the "mystical femininity" article of Betty Friedan determined the female liberation and counterculture of the United States between 1960-1970? Therefore the investigation is directed to validate and evaluate through a qualitative approach the factor that prompted the leader to initiate a different ideology about women in the United States and the consequences. To do this, the body of the analysis will be stratified as follows: in Chapter I the background is manifested regarding female liberation, being the justification for the American writer to publish the article “Mysticism of femininity” in 1963, in additionThe situation in which the United States was after events such as the first and Second World War is examined.

In Chapter II, the United States culture is presented;Civil Law movements, the equality of law, together with the participation of women in the vote being this event the second wave of the feminist movement where immersed issues such as;sexual revolution, higher education, among others. In Chapter III, the analysis of the causes that led to the publication of the article by Friedan and how it affects the United States culture is manifested. Finally the conclusion answering the question raised in Chapter IV.During the Industrial and French Revolution since my 1760, the woman had great participation, that intervention given in the wars undertaken during the reign of Louis XIV and the Malo National Affairs direction, the women took over the manufacture of weapons and other activitiesHowever, it is not considered a historical event due to its social condition at that time. Female liberation began in developed countries, according to historians, this event occurred after the second industrial revolution in the 1870s, where many countries went through an economic crisis.

The women located under the bourgeois class worried more about the claims that occurred in the political sphere. Equality before legal and rights law was one of the principles of the French revolution was, a principle that was out of place since half of the population, that is, women were excluded, which manifested a contradiction in terms ofThe laws not to register the rights of the entire population, the French revolutionaries thanked through a march on Versailles in October 1798 the services provided by the women while they were in battle, but would not recognize their political rights.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in 1971 promoted Olympe de Gouges, writer of plays and novels with political content, to found the Popular Women’s Society writing one of the most important articles in history the declaration of the declaration of theRights of women and citizen in 1793, that statement exposes the failure of the French Revolution by tryingaware of their deplorable condition, and the rights they have lost in society ‘(Howling Pixel, 2019). The Gouces document demanded equal rights, in suffrage, freedom and political positions, however, despite the fact that the document was an impulse of feminism and the author Gouges without a doubt is one of the most important revolutionary, notHe succeeded.

Subsequently, during the bloody revolution, Gouges was beheaded and years later with the establishment of the Republic, women were qualified as minor citizens, being represented by their parents, husbands or children, in 1794 the female presence in any political activity andIn 1795 the woman was arrested in case of attending the assemblies.

Subsequently, Napoleon Bonaparte with his Legislative Code in 1804 and due to his strict authority, he submitted women by denying rights, so that in case of interfering with political positions they would neglect other areas that were designated by nature, customs by thewhich already delimited the role of women as the care of children and home (Castañeda, 1991). The female adultery was considered a much more serious crime than that of a man, the authority over the children fell on the father as well as the administration of the goods, it was excluded from the educational, superior, and legal means. 

The French revolution did not benefit women, it generated more disadvantage, since those immersed in politics and revolution were guillotined or exiled, gender equality was not shown, in addition to the resounding failure due to the emancipation of women, however, to theexclude them from the rights of the citizen and not recognize them as part of the population created a basis for the next female liberations. The wars in which the United States was immersed, were a key element to neglect the relegated state in which it was fulfilling only with domestic work, the wars generated the incorporation of women into the work, replacing the men whoThey were in battle during the first and second World War. Between 1914-1918 the woman exercises an important role holding the economy and industries, in addition to representing 40% production with respect to labor, support in arms manufactures and in the medical area, belonging to 90%of the staff in the hospitals, however they were not only present in the factories, they also occupied political positions, government offices on behalf of men.

Therefore, the participation of women in the First World War begins to change and to some extent to gender equality, since the large amount of human losses and the return of the personnel injured by the wars, forced to interfere withWomen in various activities that were only carried out by men before, as a consequence they claimed their rights since "they pointed out that if they were equal to work and fight, they should be to vote".

Likewise, in World War II it was very important in the detail that, due to the increase in human losses, the woman already exercised a position assuming work and responsibilities replacing her husbands (Luzy, 2015). His participation was so much that he not only was in charge of food in the field, they also participated as pilots, spies and translators, formed 50% of contribution in the war, had as consequences the change in the established model on contexts and evolutionFrom gender equanimity, he implemented and changed the image of the ideal, complicating and obedient woman, to a free and independent with achievements for their participation, however, at the end of World War II the industrialized countries resumed male leadership in all thefields and jobs were returned to those who returned from war.

The complex period that takes place in the United States due to wars, is surrounded by a series of social, political and cultural processes that transformed American society, in addition that due to the increase in the economy and the changes that occurred in capitalism , the country wanted to exercise its domain as an imperialist power, in 1945 the Professional Institute for the Instruction of Women in which it was prepared to exercise various professions was created, however, the product of discrimination at the end of World War II, the percentage of women in professional work or positions decreased to a large extent, at the end of 1950 the participation of women in the industry was 15%, so they begin to disagree with their status in society, and the denial of studies University, equal rights and freedom to decide on their bodies, becoming a discriminated class that allows the movement to reappear feminist, promoting different civil movements and inducing them to demand their respective rights. After ending World War II, in the 60s there were consistent changes in the murder of Martin Luther King Pastor and Afro -descendant activist, EE.UU in order to exercise its domain as an imperialist power, it promoted to extend its control in humanity, having an advance in capitalism, which allows various movements for civil rights, such as female liberation, young hippies, poor people, poor people andAfro-descendants, generating a non-violent struggle against oppressions. The enrichment and monopolies of the entrepreneurs caused an inequality in the population, reducing the opportunities for the different social movements especially for the racial part which were considered slaves and were not entitled to the basic areas, such as;Food, education, work and health.

The culture presented by EE.UU. It was racist and sexist, much of the population was discriminated and excluded from rights, the objective of non-violent struggle was to obtain accessibility to equal rights and extend to social groups that did not have them, mainly Afro-descendant citizens. Subsequently they generate revolts with the bus boycott in Montgomery between 1955 and 1959 to the south of the United States, opening the struggle of other movements for their rights, so that the problem is often cited as a cause of Rosa Parks, considered theMother of civil rights who refused to give the seat to a white passenger and was convicted, prosecuted for breach of a consecutively local law the incident spread through the black community and started the boycott that lasted 381 days guided by activist Martin Luther.

The struggle of the Afro -descendant movement was the one that highlighted the most at that time for the boycott in 1955 and the great impact it generated, causing an opening to the other movements, Kennedy allowed the consolidation of the civil rights movement.. Considering it the first Democrat who came to the presidency with the support and help of the Core .

After the death of activist Luther, various agitations were presented where women who fought against gender equality in the US.UU in the civil rights movement in the 60s, they were promoted by the amendment of equal rights which was introduced by Congress in 1923 and promoted by civil movements campaigns, in such a way that it declared that: equal rights beforeThe law cannot be denied or restricted by the United States or by any state for sex reasons, based on that amendment, the campaign begins the conservative, free and restrictions movement.

THE MOVEMENT ABOUT CONSERVATOR WOMAN PROSED BY AB. Phyllis Schlafly, failed due to the bad structuring of objectives, where the demands they promoted were ideals that affected society because of their lack of ethics and morality that badly seen by evangelical opponents and mormons, such as;Right to abortion, federal nurseries for babies, which prompted the carelessness of femininity. In order to achieve equal rights between men and women or formally provide women with the same citizenship status as men who were politically and socially conditioned, demonstrations and protests arise in order to carry out whatIndicated in the era of men as of the women proposed in 1923 to the US Constitution produced by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman two feminist activists who were not successful, however in 1972 he returned to present the amendment where the United States gives his vote,He obtains the support of the Senate and other representatives, missing a state of the thirtyof the Constitution.

Therefore, when that amendment is denied, the postulated as;Equal rights under the law will not be denied or reduced by the United States or by any state due to sex was abolished in such a way that the Constitution does not explicitly recognize the law towards equal rights, however, although it wasDenied, it became an impulse for women to demand the right to vote, the fundamental principle of the amendment was that the law does not treat citizens differently based on sex, since it should not be a consideration for rightslegal.

Within the analysis exposed the right of equality between men and women of 1920 until today, is not stipulated in the Constitution only the 14th amendment which stipulates that;No EE state.UU. He may deny any person within his jurisdiction the egalitarian protection of rights, as such there is no law linked to the gender or sex of the individual since the amendment was denied, in general it was not limiting for residents to make protests in favor of theirRights The female or second wave of the feminist movement is carried out in 1848 with the declaration of feeling of Seneca Falls in the United States and culminates in 1948 with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights where women’s suffrage is already part of the universal human right.

In particular, on August 26, 1920, women were allowed to vote in autumn elections and presidential presidential. The female gender achieves the political right to vote, having the ability to vote for elected public positions, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott that were the promoters of the “right to married women about the property and the free disposition of their assets”, Directing a National Conference for Women’s Rights.

Subsequently it was promoted by female activists Alice Paul and Crystal Eastmas, through the amendment of equal rights, where thousands of women joined the demonstrations and marches, as in 1973 where Alice Paul led the taking of President Woodrow Wilson, with approximately eight thousand women including African -American since racial discrimination at that time was heartless, resulting in two hundred injured women, however, in 1917 there was a second possession of the president around the White House, the objective of those manifestations notIt was to demand their right to vote, since as such they were not considered to do so but demanded that men not vote, where the writer Alice Duer published an article manifesting the "why we do not want men to vote".

Liberal women with the purpose of obtaining the right to suffrage and access to professions, education and others, made hunger strikes that as an effect ended in the dungeons. In this sense, take the woman as the human being who was and interfere her in rights, as well as men, giving her the right to suffrage and consecutively participation in political positions.

Woodrow Wilson supported the female suffrage, so that women from World War I had been part of the factor work personnel, carrying out political and economic activities replacing man while they were at war, they were also immersedIn World War II, helping with the Armaments and taking care of the home, even participating in the battles due to lack of staff. The fight for female vote in the US.UU officially occurred on September 18, 1918, through a speech where President Woodrow Wilson indicated that; Women when forming an important role in wars deserved not only suffering, sacrifice and pain, but were the power to participate in a rights association, where the law protects them, establishing an openness for women’s freedom to the world and Rights Betty Friedan writer and American feminist leader, recognized by his iconic article "mystical femininity" The United States in the 21st century, was co-president of women, men and media, in turn Friedan was considered a woman ahead of her time for her revolutionary and progressive thoughts, considered a central representative of American feminism.

What motivates Betty Friedan to write that article that revolutionized the history of feminism is caused by the exclusion of women in rights as human beings and the development of human personality, in addition in the 50s after the Second World WarThe existing educational model was aimed at women after having achieved the right to suffrage decided to return home leaving access to a job.

The objective was to manifest a new way of seeing femininity, in the same way to express the needs of American social class women as human beings, the grief that they overcome that it became disorders and diseases, so that after their highParticipation in political positions because of the absence of men for wars, return to the old model. (Friedan, 1965) stipulates that: in such a way that his work expressed the situation that women lived after the post-war, when they were degraded from their positions and again defined as “housewives”, excluding them from the outside world and theEvents in its environment, also FRIEA PLASMA through “the problem that has no name” those disorders suffered by women focused on the middle class, ensuring that those makeup publicities, appliances where women looked happy were happy, in reality in theirMost expressed self-destructive episodes such as;alcoholism, anxiety, neurosis and even suicide. 

As a consequence of the propagation of depressive acts presented by the female gender, the investigation of causes occurred where the need for appearances about social classes was ruled out, taking as a final resolution that those circumstances were a common problem that all American women andTherefore we had to take measurements in each of them. However, due to Friedan’s article, a vigorous female wave is generated, the start being again to produce consecutive rebellions about women (history of feminism, 2012). In such a way that it has an effect on the female and masculine mentalities of the Americans, in turn the article was recognized in Europe where women were changing their life, from oppression to liberation, improving the social situation of the United States culture.According to what is previously addressed Betty Friedan through the article "Mysticism of femininity" generates a great change for the history of feminism and at the same time a counterculture for the United States, since at the end of the world wars.UU. It presents an economic situation that allows propagating liberation and that there are manifestations of a liberal nature, in 1970 women officially receive the right to vote together with education for the representative performance they had, however at the end of them, they becomedegraded to home work. 

Since 1760 the attempt of the female gender is observed for obtaining their political and social rights, resulting in the incentive of subsequent female manifestations together with the participation of powerful leaders such as Gouges, or Friedan who with his article radicalized liberal feminism demanding demanding A change in social organization meaning the ideological basis for the feminist movement focused on the middle class woman asphyxiated and dependent without the position of performing some activity for the stereotypes of traditional femininity and is what allows it to transcend producing a counterculture due to The claims that modified different aspects of everyday life such as liberation, being the turning point in 1970 where houses from various countries could identify and reveal themselves in order to exercise their rights and set aside discrimination against female sex, demonstrating that they are in the ability to exercise carg Without neglecting the home that results in the equality of economic freedom, sufficient knowledge to define and state their identity without losing femininity in its own way.  

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