Mother cells: Different types of treatments
Introduction
“In recent decades, stem cells have been one of the main issues to be discussed in the media due to their scientific and social importance, since its implementation in the medicine field offers alternatives for the treatment of countless diseases, in addition to the fact that in the future they could become the source for the solution of all existing diseases, from diabetes, myocardial infarction1, leukemia, Alzheimerfabrics ".
Developing
Before we start talking about what a stem cell is we have to first define what a cell is, this is a fundamental anatomical unit of all living organisms, usually microscopic, formed by cytoplasm, one or more nuclei and a membrane than thesurrounds;After having a basic concept of the cell we can start with the stem cell that the first definitions show it as a unicellular ancestor from which other organisms derive and have certain characteristics that they would have to fulfill, but in the development of the monograph it would be shown thatIt is not so much like that.
Stem cell
- Generate another cell of the same characteristics (autrenovation).
- Generate differentiated cells1 of specific tissues (differentiation).
- They are undifferentiated cells.
Stem cell research is inserted into the work of Roy Stevens and Barry Pierce in 1950. Both researchers were the first who worked with a stem cell type: the cancer stem cell (CMC). The characteristics of these cells did not go unnoticed by any of them, Stevens developed and exploded races of mice that showed a high incidence in a type of tumor called Teratoma3 with the aim of determining its cell origin.
Pierce, on the other hand, focused his interest in the nature of that cell that endowed the teratocarcinomas of unlimited growth. Thus, in 1961 Stevens discovered that this type of cancer.
This idea was confirmed by Ivan Damjanov and Davor Solter in 1970 and it would not be until 1975 when Beatrice Mintz of the Institute for Research on Philadelphia Cancer showed that these cells when they were injected into mouse blastocytes contributed to all germ lines, irrefutable test ofits pluripotence and a bridge between the CME and CMC was established. Although CMCs were not suitable for a therapeutic application, since they showed an aneuploid karyotype (abnormal number of chromosomes) that revealed its tumor origin.
Plasticity of a mother cell:
- · Totipotent: capable of generating a complete organism, plus the tissues of the placenta or trophoblast (only the Moral4)
- · Pluripotent: capable of forming all the cells of an organism, but not the extra embryonic tissues (blastocyte, CEG, CMC and the CMAR, although it is not known if all can).
- · Multipotent: capable of generating various types of cells, but only those found within its germinal line of origin (they are found in adipose tissue, bone marrow, etc.)
- · Unipotent: generate specific cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes).
Embryonic stem cells
There is a big problem with respect to the CME and has to do with the way of obtaining these for the necessary studies, since it is thought to be interrupted with life, and the problem of “When does life begin?”It has always existed and it seems to ever be resolved although science has already given its response contributing with definitions to each of the phases of the embryonic state yet it is not reached an agreement making progress in this issue give themselves slowly.
Another problem faced by the biology of stem cells is the non -standardized cultivation protocol, translating into different cell preparations (different derivation techniques);If a standard methodology is not established, research can lead to a dead point, since there is no comparison that can be made when it is not coming from the same germinal line.
A solution to this problem is an internationally coordinated work where some derivation and cultivation protocols were established developing regulatory frameworks that guide the activities, on the other hand, the creation of an “Embryonic stem stem cell international bank” would be doubly beneficial:
- Guarantees homogeneity.
- · The researcher would have more time to conduct his investigations by saving the derivation.
Although homogeneity has not yet been able to obtain common properties among all of them as:
- -The presence of specific cell antigens
- -Appearance of phosphatase alkaline enzyme and high telomerase activity
- -Presents a stable and clonogenic karyotype5
- -They do not require external stimulus to initiate replication.
If the crop is maintained for a long time, the CME lines suffered an increase in chromosome 17q and 12, which is a characteristic found in different types of cancer (it provides an advantage inhibiting apoptosis or cell death).
Cell therapy or some transplant that can be performed has to deal with immune rejection, so there are currently the immunosuppressive drugs, these are responsible for the lymphocytes-T and NK cells (from the natural English Killer)surface molecules as foreign and do not destroy them. Everything suggests that the same will happen when stem cells are used. The solutions to this problem are between creating banks with multiple cell lines (initiative to which the ISCI is being dedicated) or creating stem cells of the patient himself to treat.
The creation of world banks can be reasonable and a good idea, but it is not as simple as it seems, since, in order to perform the first exposed solution, it would have to have enough variety of them, that is, it seems that if you are currentlyTherapies were possible there would be not enough lines that cover the variety of human beings.
The second option to avoid immune reflex is to say the therapeutic cloning is a procedure by which the genetic content of the core of a patient’s somatic cell. This is an artificial construction without view of reproduction.
They could become a source of transplants and tissue generation (by their autrenovation). Research with mice have been of vital importance, since they have shown the creation of pancreatic islets, neural precursors, neurons, oocytes and give hope to possible applications. Apart from being able to generate cellular models of human diseases.
This will allow to know how cells respond to drugs according to their genetic profile and test to know their toxicity and mutagenicity of extreme importance because sometimes experiments with animals can lead to non -extrapolable results to the human being. As the vast majority of investigations have noticed regarding this issue, they are in mice and can how they cannot be applicable for humans, but there are several reasons why the mouse since the beginning of science has served as an object of study andexperiments.
- · Being a mammal, a large part of its biochemical processes keep close similarities with those of the human species.
- · A wide variety of consanguineous lines are available, in addition to hundreds of mutations.
- · It is together with man, the most studied mammal species from the genetic point of view exists an equivalence between orthologous regions of his genomes.
- · It is a genome susceptible to genetic manipulation being also the only organism that has efficient pluripotential cell culture systems.
conclusion
In themselves, they are pluripotent cells derived from pre-implantation embryos. The first human lines obtained and that were grown successfully were the work of James Thomson in 1998. Although Evans and Kaufman had done the same in 1981 with mice and Edwards and Bongso had done an excellent job to date, get these cells to proliferate a milestone in the field of stem cells of the internal cell mass of a blastocytein vitro fertilizer.
Thomson kept them in cultivation and subsequently inject them into mice. These cells created teratomas that contained cells belonging to the three germ layers, proof of the pluripotentiality of the cells. Although it is unknown if these cells that are in cultivation have exactly the same biological properties as their counterparts in the blastocyte.
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