Microscopic Anatomy Within Science

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Microscopic anatomy within science

Microscopic Anatomy

It is the morphological science that studies the tissues that form the body, relating cells and extracellular matrix that compose them, with corresponding structure and function.

The types of microscopic anatomy

  • Cytology. Study and analysis of a cell set by its observation through a microscope. It is used in various branches of medicine.
  • Histology. Study, analysis and classification of organic tissues through their microscopic observation.
  • Organography. Study of the tissue composition of the organs to relate their structure to their function.

 

Tissue level:

It refers to tissues, which are cell sets that have the same characteristics and perform a common function.

Characteristic

All the tissues that are known are armed by a complex combination of cells with specific common functions that retain their identity despite sharing a common environment with other cells.

Each tissue is composed of a large number of cells with a certain size and shape. The type of cell that is composed gives to the tissue its function that can be to transport materials and substances, regulate processes, provide stiffness, stability and even movement and protection.

In all tissues, one of the fundamental characteristics is the close association and communication that their cells have, which are usually in physical contact with each other, sending and receiving signs of each other and cells belonging to other tissues.

There are four types of fabrics:

  1. Epithelial tissues have body surfaces and upholster hollow organs, cavities and ducts. They also give rise to the glands. This tissue allows the body to interact with both the internal and the external environment.
  2. The connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs. Several types of connective tissue keep the united organs, store energy (fat -shaped reserve) and help grant immunity against pathogenic microorganisms.
  3. Muscle tissue is composed of specialized cells for contraction and strength generation. In this process, muscle tissue produces heat that heats the body.
  4. Nervous tissue detects changes in a wide variety of situations inside and outside the body and responds generating action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscle contraction and glandular secretion.

 

Epithelial fabrics:

Their cells are linked by a minimum amount of intercellular substance and form membranes that cover or have structures.

Epithelia cells are polarized, which means that their cell surfaces have different functions. In its ‘lower’ part, called more properly basal, all epithelia are separated from the connective tissue under them by an acellular layer called basal membrane, in which two parts can be distinguished: the basal sheet is segregated by the epithelium itself, while the reticular sheet is produced by connective tissue. Both are fundamentally constituted by fibrous proteins, mainly collagen.

The different surfaces of epithelial cells have different structures and specialized functions. The apical (free) face of an epithelial cell is arranged towards the body surface, a body cavity, the (interior space) light of an internal organ or a tubular duct that receives cellular secretions. The apical face can contain cilia or microvings. The lateral faces of an epithelial cell face adjacent cells on each side and can contain hermetic unions (occlusion zones), adherent joints,

communicating desmosomes or unions. The basal face of an epithelial cell is the opposite of the apical. The basal faces of the deepest cell layer of the epithelium adhere to extracellular materials, such as the basal membrane. Hemidesmosomes on the basal face of the deepest layer of epithelial cells anchor the epithelium to the basal membrane. When it comes to stratified epithelia (with multiple layers), the term apical layer refers to the most superficial plane of cells and the basal layer represents the deepest plane. The basal membrane is a thin extracellular layer constituted by the basal sheet and the reticular sheet. The basal sheet (thin layer) is very close to epithelial cells and is secreted by them. This sheet contains proteins such as laminin and collagen (which will be described shortly), as well as glycoproteins and proteoglucans.

There are two large types of epithelial tissues: lining and glandular. The first cover the skin and some internal organs, form the most internal layer of blood vessels and body ducts and cavities and upholster the interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive devices. For their part, glandular epithelia constitute the secretory part of all organism glands.

They fulfill three main functions:

  1. Selective barriers that limit or contribute to the transfer of substances inside and outside the body.
  2. Secretory surfaces that release products synthesized by cells on their free surfaces.
  3. Protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the medium.

 

Coverage and coating epithelium

As noted, the coverage and coating epithelium forms the outer cover of the skin and some internal organs. Likewise, forms the inner layer of the blood vessels, the ducts and the body cavities and the interior of the respiratory path, the digestive tract, the urinary tract and the reproductive system. The epithelium of coverage and coating is described in greater detail. The explanation of each type of epithelium includes a microphotography, a corresponding diagram and a box that identifies the main location of the tissue in the body. Each illustration is associated with descriptions, locations and functions of the tissues.

Examples:

There are diverse and numerous examples that can be cited about the level of tissue organization, both in plants and animals.

In animals blood is a connective fabric specialized in the distribution and exchange of substances with the environment. Nervous and endocrine tissues contribute to the coordination and regulation of different organic functions.

In plants the parenchymal tissue (included in the fundamental tissue system) mainly contains the cells that are responsible for photosynthetic processes and the assimilation of nutrients, which makes it essential for the growth and development of the other surrounding cells.

Connective tissue

Connective tissue is one of the most abundant and broader distribution in the human body. The various kinds of connective tissue represent different functions: they join together, support and strengthen other body tissues, protect and isolate the internal organs, constitute compartments for structures such as skeletal muscles, function as the main means of transport of the organism (theBlood is a liquid connective tissue), they are the main deposit of energy reserves (adipose or fat tissue) and constitute the origin of the most important immune responses.  

Connective tissue is classified into two basic elements: extracellular matrix and cells

Connective tissue cells secrete extracellular fibers, which determine much of the functional properties of the tissue and control the surrounding aqueous environment through specific proteoglycans.

The types of connective tissue cells vary according to the tissue and are the following:

  1. Fibroblasts are large and flattened cells with large branches. These travel through connective tissues by secreting fibers and other components of the main substance of the extracellular matrix.
  2. Macrophages originate from monocytes, fixed macrophages are found in particular tissues, as either in alveolar macrophages in the lungs or splenic macrophages in the spleen. Circulating macrophages have the ability to cross tissues and group into infection or inflammation sites to perform phagocytosis.
  3. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, this means proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Due to this reason, plasma cells are an important part of the immune response
  4. Mastocytes produce histamine that is a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory reaction, which is the organism’s response to an injury or an infection.
  5. Adipocytes are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). They are located under the skin and around organs such as heart and kidneys.
  6. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are not found in significant amounts in normal connective tissue. However, in response to certain conditions they travel from the blood to connective tissues

 

The extracellular matrix of the connective tissue is the material between its cells, very distanced from each other. The extracellular matrix is composed of protein fibers and fundamental substance, which is the material between cells and fibers. The structure of the extracellular matrix determines much of the tissue qualities. For example, in cartilage, the extracellular matrix is firm but flexible. The extracellular bone matrix, on the other hand, is hard and inflexible.

Each type of connective tissue has unique properties based on specific extracellular materials between cells. The extracellular matrix has two main components: fundamental substance and fibers.

The fundamental substance is the intercellular component of the connective tissue located between the cells and the fibers. It can be liquid, semi -kid, gelatinous or calcified. The fundamental substance confers support to cells, unites them, stores water and provides the environment through which substances are exchanged between blood and cells

The fundamental substance contains water and various large organic molecules, many of which are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins. Among polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfate, dermatansulfate and keratansulfate can be mentioned.

Fibers: There are three types of fibers in the extracellular matrix between cells: collagen, elastic and reticular fibers

Collagen fibers are very strong and traction forces resist, but they are not rigid, which gives flexibility to the tissue. The properties of the different types of collagen fibers vary from one tissue to another.

Elastic fibers are composed of elastin protein molecules surrounded by a glycoprotein called fibrilin, which adds strength and stability. Elastic fibers are abundant in the skin, the walls of blood vessels and lung tissue.

Reticular fibers are fine collagen beams with a glycoprotein cover that support the walls of blood vessels and constitute a network around cells in certain tissues, these fibers also participate in the formation of the basal membrane.

The classification of connective tissues is not always clear. The following scheme to classify them is offered below:

Embryonic connective tissue:

A. Mesénquima b. Mucous connective tissue

Mature connective tissues:

A. Lax connective tissues: Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue

B. Dense connective tissues:

1. Regular dense connective tissue. Irregular dense connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue

C. Cartilage

1. Hyalino cartilage

Bibliography

  • Concept.of. (January 18, 2001). Obtained from https: // concept.of/tissue-conjunctive/
  • Ecured. (July 2017). Obtained from https: // www.Ecured.cu/fabric_connective
  • Alberts, b., Johnson, a., Lewis, j., Morgan, d., Raff, m., Roberts, k., & Walter, P. (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
  • Nabors, m. (2004). Introduction to Botany (1st ed.). Pearson Education.

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