Main Sacred Sanctuary of Islam
Before the Islamic State will be declared, you can talk about a pre -yslamic Arabian that sought a consolidation in its formation as a state and was interrupted by Islam, however, it gave it more solid bases and accelerated its constitution. Islam appeared through a religious prophet who later turned to its leader, Muhammad, whom Muslims say, were given revelations of God through the Archangel Gabriel and despite the fact that Islam was an element outside the Arab culture Preislamic at that time, was voluntarily accepted by the people and was not part of a violent social imposition.
One of the events of great importance that mark a strong direction in the history of the people is the fact of their growth as far as economics concerns, since this change in the lifestyle redefines many ancient tribal practices or values by which They ruled.
Many of these values, such as the fact of ensuring the well -being of all people, and even caring for the most needy of the tribe (they were previously governed by tribes), they demonstrate a strong sense of community that the people fostered, without However, all this was supplanted by a capitalist model by growing its economic wealth.
All these events happened so quickly that it is worth mentioning that in two generations behind the panorama was totally different, since they were nomads without any wealth which fought for their survival day by day, and two later (generations) were doing To Mecca an international trade center and the most important city in Arabia. This new system that came to predominate, put individualism over the community ideal and thus competitiveness had become a norm, thus reaching the practice of Itema (cult of self-sufficiency)
This was changing as soon as Muhammad began to reveal the Qur’an, since people began to adopt the practice of Islam when listening to the beautiful words that formed it, Muhammad did not know how He was revealed from the Quran and the Arabs present there that they knew how.
This began to join the society that was being divided again, since the charm of Arabic language and how beautiful the words that formed the Koran made that many people will begin to follow the same flow, this was doing the strong society of New in many ways, by raising Islam as the act of existential submission that each convert had to make before Allah, all this leads to its economic power continue to become strong in unity, of course not everywhere in society it was accepted with pleasure, causing rejection by the way of the same.
Islam on the other hand is monotheistic, that is, it has the same religious origin as Judaism and Christianity, however, political and ideological disagreements arose with the latter, which marked differences and the separation of directions of both cultures in terms of their beliefs Religious. In the Koran, it is absolutely affirmed that the true and only religion is created by Abraham. From the moment the people accept the revelations of Muhammad, pre -islamic Arab became Many elements of their past beliefs and acquired a new moral guide to live as obedience and to please God, which distinguishes their lifestyle, art and their architecture from any other culture.
Muslims tried to represent the revelations of the Koran in everything they did, and this was reflected in religious architecture, they went from a spiritual conception, not tangible, to the real constructive design of the temples. They combined harmoniously and symbolically elements of the Koran’s Scriptures.
Influence of the Koran in architecture and art
La Meca, in Saudi Arabia, became the most important city for Islam culture where the greatest pilgrimage is made. Muhammad was also born in this city, however, he did not spend his whole life here and when he returned for 628 D. J.C was already as a prophet to restructure beliefs, to whom the people did not want to accept in the first instance since if they rejected idols as the prophet Muhammad spoke, there would be no more pilgrims towards mecca, neither commerce nor wealth, which most They concentrated on the Kaaba, constantly visited by pilgrims who were going to see the idols. The Kaaba initially was a sacred enclosure of the Arab idols and the main religious point of Mecca.
Given the situation of rejection of Muhammad, this had to be seen in certain battles to ensure that the people welcomed the new Islamic faith, until he finally managed to make many inhabitants become Islam. Once accepted at 630 D.J.C, Muhammad destroyed the idols of the Kaaba and forbade the non -Muslims pilgrimage to Mecca, thus making it the main sacred sanctuary of Islam and the main pilgrimage site of the new religion, as a new civilizational impulse. The Kaaba, the sacred house of God, is currently located in the center of a large court , but it is the quibla (direction) that works as a focal point.
The sanctuary is the form of irregular cube of 10.67m front, 12.19m side and 15.24m high. In its exterior it has no windows or decoration but it is covered by a large black silk, Kiswa, decorated with embroidery with Qurigraphs of the Koran. Its form and color of the Kiswa refer to the cubic stone of alchemy that listens to the oaths of the pilgrims. "Outside the southeast angle of the Kaaba and a meter and a half of the ground is embedded by Abraham’s" black stone ". in diameter, which was brought according to the Arab tradition of Paradise by Arcángel Gabriel and delivered to Abraham ”. According to the story, the stone was white but became black for sins of Adam’s children. In the interior space of the kaaba, the floor is made of marble, and its walls have a coating halfway, with embedded boards that have recorded verses of the Qur’an and in the other half green fabrics with verses embroidered with golden threads.
In the Qur’an it is said that this was built by a revelation of God by Abraham and his son ismael. “And when Abraham and Ismael raised the foundations of the house, they said: Oh, sir! Accept our work, you are omnious, omniscient ". (Quran 2: 127).
Within Islamic architecture, mosques are of great importance for their traditions such as hash and umra, that is, the pilgrimages made by the Muslim faithful to Mecca. The great sacred mosque in which the Kaaba is located is called moreyid al-haram, it began as a small mosque but over the years grew and evolved with extensions made by the successors of Muhammad, by the end of 1900 it reached almost the 320 000M2 of total area, to host more than one million faithful pilgrims, a second level was added, and explanioned around, so it is considered the largest in the world, in addition to being the most important mosque for Muslims by Its content and history.
Islam religious art
Islamic culture has been influenced by Islam religion and art under artistic production, of the most common themes for the representation of the works were the religious themes that were later used for sacred purposes in professing the Muslim religion, art essentially known by Its architectural part since Muslims were true experts of ivory, ceramics or glass and because of religious motivations, since the Quran, a Muslim sacred book from which their belief is based, bases the prohibition of representing human figures, which by This reason painting and sculpture had no relevance as more important artistic manifestations and transformed architecture into the most outstanding of the arts, which considers a limited number of simple, used interspersed in different media, sometimes elaborated to an extraordinarily complex degree such as the Nasrid ceramic socket of the Santo Domingo room ALHAMBRA, 1238 D.c
Umaya art
Umayya art, the second half of the sevent New concepts and designs such as the construction of the rock dome (608-705) representative of the Holy Sepulcher, in its exterior is denoted that is covered by a medium orange dome, the great frie Interior presents a centralized plant, the polychrome marble columns arranged on cubic bases, the golden corinthine capitals, covered with dice, and decorated with beautiful mosaics of different chronologies on gold background of Byzantine influence, which cover walls and arcades of the interior. Another important building that I present in that period was the great mosque of Mecca () its interior has eight Corinthian -style columns with beautiful mosaics that make the shape of the column shine, in the transept of the prayer room it is decorated by mosaics Geometric, its construction revolves around the patio, with a square floor, around pillars and columns are distributed, which was designed in the intention of the reproduction of the Muhamm House as mentioned the decoration of mosaics belongs to Byzantine art and begins to Being part of the Islamic Omayya art.
Abasida art
Abasida art occupied the power of evolution between 750 and 1258, establishing brick -based monuments and adobe but with an older style, of a mud and straw process, dried in the sun. Two large works built of bricks is the great mosque of Samarra and Mosque of Abu Dulaf, the latter had marble columns, interior decoration with gold mosaics of ivory.
With this the evolution of ceramics and stucco led to great works with the decoration of structures are geometric shapes made with stucco . On the other hand, the ceramics the abasi left a new era technique, techniques that appeared at this time one of them is the metallic brightness in ceramics and being able to achieve a metal object effect.
Characteristics of Islamic art
In the architectural constructions they used the knowledge obtained in structural systems such as pillars and columns to consecrate the works they carried out, the use of Corinthian capitel was a guideline to follow in their constructions, however they did it in a more schematic way, leaving The naturalist side, then in time the mocarabes and the cubic appeared, also the horseshoe arch obtained from the Visigoths, the lobed or polyobulated arc.
The Craftson was present in the first constructions of mosques since his roof was made of wood, when the contacts with the west begin to build their roofs with vault systems. The reasons that governed its preferred decorative elements were the geometric shapes made, such as the loop or laz fundamental.
The epigraphic are part of their art and you are consist of playing passages from the Quran, adventures of the princes or even explained the functionality of the building, which is known as courth, ataurique that are stylized and schematized forms in a plant, which are inspirations Of Greek acanthus leaves, its organization is born centrally, from a stem, from which components such as leaves, fruits and flowers that create an illusion of not having an end and an alternation of movements such as rhythm come out. Having only among its constructive materials the brick, wood and plaster, everything possible was done to hide these elements in outer view, covering them with all the final details that are added at the end of the work.
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