Main deposits, mining potential and sites of the deposits in Peru
Introduction
This monograph deals with the main deposits found in Peru, from its definition to the mines that have said deposit, in addition the stage to which they compete and its chemical elements which are integrated into the deposits are exposed in the deposits.
The mining potential covers these deposits which are important for the country’s economy and its respective methodology, additionally the type of Mena that each mine has in Peru.
The main objective is to make known in depth the main types of economic deposits that exist in Peru and that minerals are in these deposits.
The monograph was divided into three parts, the first part being the main part which consists of the main types of deposits found in Peru, developing it from its definition, chemical elements that act in these deposits and the corresponding mines and imageswhich help recognize these deposits;the second the mining potential and its methodology and ending the type of ore presented in each mine in Peru.
Economic deposits in Peru: definition
The deposits are a set of geological processes in which the abnormal concentration is appreciated both in volume, ease of exploitation or quality present in profitable or economic interest minerals.
The deposits are formed by meeting the following conditions: when there are aqueous solutions which serve as a means of impulse or dissemination of the elements of economic interest, the existence of the source of the elements of economic interest, the presence of the geochemical reaction which causesthe formation of minerals either by the mixture of fluids or other process and the physical reaction which produces a change of pressure or temperature, fractures, failures, among others for the formation of minerals and finally that the optimal existence of the conditions is carried outabove.
In the deposits there are two groups, those that have minerals and those that are made up of industrial rocks in addition two processes were found additionally which are: Songmetic which originated during the formation of the rocks and epigenetic which originated after the rockcash register.
Classification
The deposits can be classified into 4 groups which are fundamental:
- Vetas. It is a body that has the shape of a lamina or elongated tabular shape in which the minerals are located and were added in the rocks by a diaclase or fissure.
- Disseminated. It is the consistency of the mineral that appears in the form of threads that cross the rock in several directions or appear in the form of mineral points that cover the large extensions.
- Alluvial. It is a site which was formed by the drag of heavy minerals in different shapes and sizes and were stored in the sands or beds of the rivers or seas.
- Contact. The encounter between two rocks which its origin was different from this mineral deposit over the years.
Hydrothermal deposit or deposit – copper porphy
This type of deposit is characterized since it contains large volumes of rock which were hydrothermally altered and in the center of these altered rocks have copper porphyry stocks that consequently contain skarns, precious metal mineralization, replacement of high and intermediate epitermal bodiesSulfuration.
The copper porphyry deposits are characterized by copper minerals that are disseminated and in veins or gaps which are distributed forming a high tonnage from law low to intermediate or moderate, these deposits are very important both worldwide and in Peruwhich are the main source of copper and cause a great impact both socially and economically due to their large size.
In Peru, copper mineralization is found in porphy and skarn tanks, being divided into three metallogenetic stripes which correspond to copper and molybdenum porphyMolybdenum and Gold of Eocene and Oligocene (Cotabambas, Los Chancas, Antapaccay) and Porphids Skarn of copper and gold of the Miocene.
Epitermal deposits or deposits – gold mineralization
In this site it was deposited from hot hydrothermal fluids since mineralization occurred one to two kilometers deep from the earth’s surface. These fluids vary between 100 ° C to 320 ° C and during their formation these fluids can reach the surface as hot springs.
These deposits are found in areas of active volcanism, the most outstanding metals that can be found are silver and gold and can contain amounts of copper, zinc, lead, among others which are usually variable. Gold mineralization is divided into three metallogenetic stripes. The youngest or most recent is that of the Miocene and contains epiterms of high, low, low and intermediate silver sulfuration, the mines such as Yanacocha, Orcopampa, Pierina, among others, among others. The upper Cretaceous strip is related to gold deposits in which the intrusive intervenes and in this strip the mines such as Caravelí, Orion, among others, stand out, among others. Finally, the oldest strip is from the Permian carboniferous, are of a orogenic type and highlight operation as broom, powerful and parcoy.
Skarn type deposits or deposits
They are deposits that have tracesylicated minerals such as actinolite, diopSido, wollastonite and Andradite garnet, are given in metamorphic contact auras around plutons that form calcareous sequences.
This group of metamorphic rocks is integrated a group of deposits which form Mena’s languages, which is extended throughout diaclases, failures or any planar structure and its distribution within the aura is volatile. In skarn type production they intervene: graphite, copper, zinc, gold, talc, garnet, talc, wollastonite, among other elements. It operates in Ferrobamba copper deposits, Ink, Antamina, among others.
IOCG type deposits or deposits (Iron Oxide Copper Gold Ore Deposits).
They are called in this way since they contain copper and gold mineralization composed of abundant iron oxides, grouped to sulfides Fe-Cu ± au, carbon trioxide, fluorine, molybdenum, barium and other chemical elements.
They are generated in geological and tectonic environments where an igneous activity, high caloric flow, some activity related to Calcoalcalino, alkaline-carbonate, cortical extension or associated with oxidized dioritic plutons. This type of deposit is found in different mines such as Pampa de Pongo, Mina Justa, Marcona.
VMS type deposit or deposit
They belong to lenticular or stratiform bodies of sulphides present in sedimentary volcanic units which were deposited in the oceanic background, formed by irradiation of hydrothermal fluids integrated to underwater volcanism. These deposits contain copper, zinc, lead, silver, barium and gold, being polymetallic deposits.
MVT type deposits or deposits
They are deposits that are typically produced in carbonated rocks in which the zinc content is greater than that of lead and its law is less than 10%. These deposits were formed in the diagnostic or posterior stage in which the saline solutions created in the sedimentary sequence itself took effect and with weather contributions
Pleasure deposits or deposits
Secondary deposits formed with mechanical concentration are considered in which the mineral was removed and appears added to other different metals that were part of the mother rock. The best known are the gold pleasures, but there are others which are also considered: gold, garnet, casiterite, chromita, diamond, columbita, ilmenite, monacite, magnetite, blub, platinum, sapphire, rutilo, zircon and xenotima.
The mining potential consists of the mineral wealth that Peru possesses in this case, this wealth is deposited in polymethallic mineral deposits which are found in the mountain range. The estimate of this potential is done since in Peru there are many possibilities of finding these resources and which would generate for the Peruvian State a great amount of money for the future. In Peru there is sufficient information for the determination of the mining potential such as: mineral occurrences maps, mining cadastral maps, information on prospective interest zones, mining projects in quarry, mines in operation and exploration projects.
To form the deposits and other operations which give rise to the mining potential, the favorable geological context, favorable metallogenetic environment, environmental permits, concentration of mining rights, closeness to known deposits, sediment geochemistry, among others, among others.
- Methodology Consistency in the construction of 5 matrices:
- Mines in operation.
- Mining projects in quarry.
- Inferred mining resources.
- Exploration projects with semi -dated environmental resources.
- Mining potential.
MENS OF THE DEFINICE DEFINICIOS PART OF MINERAL INTEREST which is extracted because it contains enough quantity and so can be used, this process was already seen in the different types of deposits since they seek the mineral that contains the greatest purity and this leads tothat occurs an economic importance.
- Main Menas and Copper Mining Centers. The bambas / Apurímac;Quellaveco / Moquegua;Galen / Cajamarca, Toromocho / Junín;The Fielates / Moquegua;CAÑARIACO / LAMBAYEQUE.
- Copper and gold ore. Conga / Cajamarca mines.
- Iron ore. PAMPA DE PONGO / AREQUIPA.
conclusion
As it has been appreciated throughout the work, the deposits are essential for the economy in Peru and be able to be highly competitive worldwide. In Peru, as could be seen there are different types of deposits which help have great mining potential, some present more abundance than others, but all with the same quality that is required for their future extraction.
The deposits are essential in the life of the human being since it produces great economic impacts which helps to the development of the country, as these deposits could be observed contain many chemical elements which are profitable for their future extraction and these help economic, technological development, medicinal, among others.
It is important to highlight the hydrothermal deposits of the copper porphyporphids and skarn type.
To end with the proposed it is important.
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