Human Genome Project Manipulation

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Human genome project manipulation

Introduction

First phase: The guide RNA is combined with the CAS9 enzyme. This guide RNA is specific for a DNA sequence, which we need to edit or correct, due to nucleotide complementarity laws will be crossed in that sequence. Endonuclease enzyme cas9 breaks the bond of the nucleic acid chain, cutting the DNA. Then the guide RNA helps take CAS9 to the place where it will do its function.

Second phase: Two natural repair mechanisms are activated in cut DNA .The first one that is of insertion-decline allows a hole to arise in the chain and insert a tiny segment of chain. This causes the cut DNA segment to lose its original function. The second mechanism gives way to the entrance of a determined sequence in the original cutting place. For this we give the cell the sequence that we want to participate in the DNA.

Developing

The objective of this research work is to know the consequences of the modification of the human genome through the collection of different data from scientific sources so that people have a criterion and become aware of the subject. The study of genetics has allowed to create a new science, genetic engineering, which has taken great strength within the academic field, playing a very preponderant role in the areas of human, veterinary and agricultural health. 

Genetics is the space of biology that allows us to understand the principles of inheritance that is transferred from generation to generation .At this time, advances in genetic engineering have caused a great revolt in the public presentation, and generated all types of dispute and controversies in the scientific environment. We might think that genetic engineering and biotechnology are the sciences of today and tomorrow since at all times new discoveries related to the secrets of complex human biology are raised. 

When discovering the mysteries of inheritance, genetics teaches us a promising future full of illusion but in the same way of doubts and fears. With the genetic engineering techniques that are known, they have given hope and ambition that in the not so distant future diseases such as cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, among other genetic diseases, among other genetic diseases can be cured. 

When starting to act on man, his genes and his lineage is when ethical doubts refer to these techniques begin to sprout, about whether or not they respect human decency. That said there are conflicting criteria that some kind of experiment or manipulation of the human genomeThey agree on these types of activities. 

The word genome comes from Latin genus which means lineage or birth. The genome is the set of genes within the chromosomes that are located in the core of the cell of living organisms that characterize a species, it can be said that it is the totality of genetic material that an individual in particular has. When talking about the human genome we commonly rely on DNA sequences information on the specimens used to sequence it. 

The DNA has two chains that form a double helix, each chain is formed by nucleotide molecules that are composed of a phosphate group, a nitrogen base and a sugar. In DNA there are nucleotides and these are associated in groups which we call genes. There are four types of nucleotides in the DNA that differ from their nitrogenous bases that are: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. These are always going to join with T and G with C. 

If the human genome has an abnormality or absence of a protein, this can cause a terrible consequence since there are about 4000 genetic diseases. Ethics can be defined as the science of moral behavior. The term comes from the ancient Greek, derived from êthos, which means ‘character’. This philosophical discipline has how our behavior should be, that is, our act and behave;And that together with the norms give us a basis for the difference between the right and the wrong, the good and the bad. 

Genetic engineering is a biotechnology science that is used for the modification, suppression, elimination, inclusion, duplication or replacement of a DNA fragment of one organism by another organism. This science is increasing. 

In genetic engineering there are OMG that means genetically modified organisms that are not necessarily transgenic products, so that this condition meets, its manipulated genes must come from another organism. The objective of this science is to prevent people from inheriting their parents’ diseases, providing new treatment alternatives to incurable diseases, avoiding the infection of communicable diseases and looking for a better food production. 

In a yogurt company in 2007, several scientists investigated a bacterium was infected by several viruses. By sequencing the bacterium genome they could see some fragments of repetitions of short and regularly interspersed palindromas where I originate the name Crispr. In 2012, the French scientist Emmanuelle Charpentier and American scientist Jennifer Doudna began the CRISPR revolution since they observed that the technique of this tool can serve to edit the genes of the human being. 

They designed genetic patterns similar to those of bacteria to unite them to the CAS9 protein and thus in the right place to cut the DNA. Hence his name Crispr Cas9. This tool is cheap, fast and easy are like molecular scissors capable of cutting any DNA molecule also doing it in a precise and controlled way. 

This aptitude is what makes it possible to change its sequence, eliminating or placing new DNA. This aptitude is what makes it possible to change its sequence, eliminating or placing new DNA. When we want to edit a genome by means of the CRISPR/ CAS9 tool, it has two phases: First phase: The guide RNA is combined with the CAS9 enzyme. This guide RNA is specific for a DNA sequence, which we need to edit or correct, due to nucleotide complementarity laws will be crossed in that sequence. 

Endonuclease enzyme cas9 breaks the bond of the nucleic acid chain, cutting the DNA. Then the guide RNA helps take CAS9 to the place where it will do its function.A Chinese scientist named He Jiankui and his team modified the genome of two twin babies called Lulu and Nana. I claim to have used the CRISPR tool to modify and mutate its genes;and make them resistant against AIDS.

Girls were conceived by artificial insemination for the reason that the father is a carrier of HIV. They are modified the CCR5 gene injecting Crispric reagents, a kind of precision molecular scissors, in the embryo. The AIDS virus uses this gene to enter and attack the immune system of the human being and with this they inactivates it. 

From this, many scientists from all over the world showed their dissatisfaction with the Chinese geneticist experiment, since they considered little ethical, irresponsible, a little transparent and risky process since it could bring dire consequences. The scientist did not communicate to the respective authorities about his project and do it without prior authorizations even worse even when this type of experiments in China is prohibited because the modifications of the genetic material can go to future generations and are in danger of injuring other genes.

The geneticist announced that the twins were born healthy and happy;And that he did experiments with 7 more couples of which there are possibly more modified genetically. I also express that its objective was not to cure genetic diseases but to prevent them and give twins the ability to resist a possible HIV infection. The manipulation of the human genome can be a door towards the solution of thousands of genetic diseases such as leading us to misfortunes either creating new.

Carrying out these modifications or interventions is not sure since not only can there be an error of the tool or any technique for manipulation but also the biological risks typical of the mutation processes. Since DNA can not only respond to the stimulus induced by manipulation techniques but can also react on their own. Without realizing it we can modify one or more genes that govern the vital functions of our being such as reproducing, breathing, growing, etc.

conclusion

Suppose the modification is successful in the individual who holds them but there may be harmful impact on the following generations. For this reason we cannot say or know for sure if manipulation can bring good or bad consequences as such but we can say that genome modification is not a game. It is considered crucial responsible and ethical management of all the genetic material not only of the human being but of every living being.

Scientific research must be developed from an ethical perspective, with the sole purpose of not incurring errors with disastrous or nephatic consequences that cannot be corrected later and that are perpetuated over time. These must be open to the public and benefit for all humanity. The development of the research must be carried out in a disciplined and methodical way for clear and noble purposes, leaving personal or economic interests aside because that fogged any good intention that is had when you start an investigation. In scientists, their position should prevail as researchers and set aside the ambition or needs or interests of sponsors.

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