Globalization and World Capitalist Development
Globalization constitutes the current stage of world capitalist development, which economically implies the expansion of the market, the hegemony of financial capital and a kind of war between the two hundred transnational companies more powerful on the planet for conquering new markets and territories. The ideology that supports this process is neoliberalism, which attempts to impregnate in a global and uniform way all the spheres of the social, political and cultural life of current societies;However, various studies confirm how an allegedly homogenizing model is questioned from phenomena such as the increase in international migrations at the end of the century, the blurring of some borders, the construction of legal and real fences and the conflicts that are generated aroundInterculturality.
Néstor García Canclini, Argentine philosopher, exiled in Mexico in the mid -1970market and borders to a globalized world. This work is part of a series of studies that the author has been carrying out since the 1980s, which places him as one of the main references of the debate on this subject in the field of Latin American social sciences.
The work is structured in three parts, subdivided, in turn, in chapters. In the first part, it develops what constitutes its theoretical-methodological proposal of analysis on the discourses, concepts and categories through which it will address the issue of globalization. In the second part it stops in the way some researchers relate and observe their "objects of study" in the light of globalization. Finally, it analyzes the way in which the different actors appropriate the speeches through the construction of narratives and metaphors, and emphasizes the different resignifications of the globalizing project.
Globalization is presented as an evasive and unmanageable object, of which there is no stable reference for its analysis, since those who manage it, have it with narratives and metaphors. This questioning is the starting point that the author uses to deconstruct from then on the strategies of those who put globalization on stage and how this rhetoric allows various actors to perform in different functions. García Canclini, from this analytical perspective, aims.
The opposition between the global and the local by characterization of the different levels of abstraction and concretion in which the economy, politics and culture are reorganized at a globalized time, is the axis that structures the analysis it performs in the first chapter,«Globalize or defend identity: how to get out of this option». The phenomenon can be related to the feeling of political impotence in which everyday experience immerses us, when we perceive that the main decisions are taken in inaccessible places and even difficult to identify.
They imagine globalization.
In the second chapter, called "globalization: unidentified cultural object", it places internationalization and transnationalization as previous processes within which globalization was profiled by intensifying reciprocal dependencies, growth and acceleration of networkseconomic and cultural that operate worldwide. However, it points out that globalization is not a clearly delimited object of study, much less a scientific, economic, political or cultural paradigm that can apply as a single development model, but a set of scattered and diverse narratives. Therefore, it proposes to analyze the cultural stories and images promoted by those who direct the globalizing project. This would allow to discover what globalization has of utopia and what cannot be integrated, such as the tears arising from the wandering nightmare of the people who migrate.
Metaphors serve to imagine the different;Ritualized narratives, to order it. These strategies are used by the centers of globalizing power, on the one hand, to accentuate the weakness of national policies, this time, at the cultural level;While, on the other hand, they appropriate traditional cultural values to exercise control from transnational companies. The third chapter deals with the "market and interculturality: Latin America"
The fourth chapter, "we do not know how to call others", try to characterize the globalization process in the West through interactions between Europe, Latin America and the United States. García Canclini stops to observe how ancient and recent migrations configure the ways of looking at us, reading that is complex when the confrontation between identities is overcome and the cultural processes that link us or move us away.
The author asks how to build a transnational public sphere where cultural conceptions and their respective policies are not immeasurable, for which it takes four existing models: the European Republican system of universal rights arising from the French Revolution;the American multicultural separatism;Multiethnic integrations under the nation state in Latin America, and, crossing them in a transverse way, the "multicultural integration" sponsored by the media.
In this way, and in the light of the combinations between the mentioned models, it proposes to analyze how cultural, political and economic dilemifications operate around resignifications on the gaze of others (other subjects, other societies, other cultures).
In the fifth chapter, the author calls "intermediate", incorporates the daily life of three researchers in social sciences that study preferably local problems from scattered narratives, but that in their displacements and in their respective policies
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